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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 1 Flashcards

Genes, environment, and behaviour

1
Q

What aspect of social behaviour can’t be understood by just thinking about the individual?

A

Cooperation (natural selection acting on genes)

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2
Q

Nature-nurture fallacy

A

Effects of innate factors (genes) vs. environmental factors on development and late life outcomes

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3
Q

Natural selection shapes…

A

behaviours

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4
Q

Genes and environment influence…

A

Phenotype

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5
Q

What influences behaviour?

A

Genes, environment, natural selection)

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6
Q

Responses to environment is…

A

adaptive

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7
Q

Reaction norm allows us to visualize…

A

Influence of genes & environment

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8
Q

How do we visualize the influence of genes & the environment?

A

Reaction norm

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9
Q

How to test for plasticity?

A

Put same genotype in different environment and see different phenotypes

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10
Q

What does natural selection create?

A

Adaptive plasticity

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11
Q

What are the 2 classes of scientific questions used for traits & phenotypes?

A
  • Proximate causes (how/what?)

- Ultimate causes (why?)

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12
Q

Proximate causes

A

What and how questions (shallow).

E.g. what is the relationship b/t genes and behaviour?

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13
Q

Ultimate causes

A 
Why questions (underlying evolutionary explanations)
E.g. Why has a certain behaviour evolved and how has it changed?
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14
Q

Why do bees get a bit drunk off the ethanol nectar?

A

Locating ripe fruit, then banging around the pollen drunk allows them to pick up pollen

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15
Q

Equation for phenotype?

A 
Z = G + E
Phenotype = gene + environment
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16
Q

Stages of fruit flies

A

Egg, larvae, pupation, adult

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17
Q

Why do fruit flies need fruit?

A

Lay eggs on fruit, and babies grow on fruit (eat the fruit for nutrients)

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18
Q

Fruit flies are categorized as…

A

Maggots

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19
Q

Rover-sitter gene has an effect on…

A

foraging (main effect)

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20
Q

Polymorphism

A

More than one type in the population

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21
Q

Difference between rover & sitter?

A 
Some larvae (rovers) move on their food more than others (sitter).
They move the same when food is not present.
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22
Q

Describe the experiment used to differentiate sitters and rovers

A

Yeast (food) is spread on agar (non-food). In food patches, rovers more more than sitters, but rovers and sitters move the same amount in non-food patches.

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23
Q

What is the implications of rover-sitter gene seen from the experiment?

A

It is a food-related behaviour

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24
Q

Rovers move greater distances than sitters when…

A

Food is patchy (food is placed on plates in many small patches)

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25
Q

Benefit of roving behaviour?

A

When food is present in many small patches, they are likely to found many patches

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26
Q

Con of roving behaviour?

A

Move a lot, so longer time off food media

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27
Q

Benefit of sitting behaviour?

A

Stay longer on food sources because not moving around so much

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28
Q

Con of sitting behaviour?

A

Hard to find new patches of food one the first one depletes.

29
Q

Frequency of rover vs. sitter?

A

70% rover vs. 30% sitter

30
Q

Allele of rover and sitter?

A

2 alleles (RR and SS), where R > S.
RR x SS -> RS (all rover)
RS x RS -> RR, RS, SS (1/4 sitter, 3/4 rover)

31
Q

Allele responsible for rover-sitter produces…

A

PKG

32
Q

PKG

A

Enzyme involved in cell signalling

33
Q

Where can PKG be found?

A

Hindgut
Stomach
Brain

34
Q

Rover/sitter transgenics

A

Insert rover gene in sitter larvae.

Measure changes in foraging behaviour.

35
Q

Transgenic rover in sitter resembles…

A

Rover > sitter

in terms of foraging behaviour (distance travelled) and PKG activity

36
Q

What is needed for evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. Variation in a trait
  2. Variation in fitness of that trait
  3. Genetic basis for the trait
37
Q

Implications of rover-sitter transgenic experiment?

A
  • Rovers dominate over sitters

- There are is an allele that controls this behaviour (genetic basis for the trait)

38
Q

What is needed for evolution of behaviour?

A
  1. Behaviours have variation
  2. Different behaviours have different fitness
  3. Behaviours have a genetic basis
39
Q

Describe the experiment that tested for environmental effects on foraging behavour

A

Adult fruit flies deprived of food for 4h and 24h, then measured foraging behaviour (distanced travelled to find food) on patchy food.

40
Q

Describe the findings of environmental effects on foraging behaviour

A

Both rovers & sitters travelled less the more they were starved.
Rovers starved for 24h = sitters starved for 4h.
Environment transformed rover phenotype to sitter phenotype.

41
Q

What is foraging behaviour for rovers?

A

Find food from all over.

42
Q

What is the foraging behaviour for sitters?

A

Find food, then only move around initial food source to attempt to find more food.

43
Q

How many genes control rover/sitter polymorphism?

A

1 major gene

44
Q

Which allele is dominant, rover or sitter?

A

Rover

45
Q

At what stage in life is fruit flies affected by the rover-sitter allele?

A

Larvae & adults

46
Q

Besides the gene, what else affects rover/sitter behaviour?

A

Environment

47
Q

Are there homologous genes for rover/sitter allele?

A

Yes – in bees, mice, humans

48
Q

Plasticity

A

Environmental effect on phenotype

49
Q

Environmental effect on phenotype =

A

plasticity

50
Q

On a reaction norm, what is the genotypic effect?

A

Distance between one line and the other (up-down)

51
Q

On a reaction norm, what is the environmental effect?

A

Slope of the lines

52
Q

On a reaction norm, what is the plasticity?

A

Slope of the line

53
Q

Example of behavioural response to predators?

A

Fish using refuge by the river bank when there are predators, ans not taking refuge when there are no predators.

54
Q

Example of morphological response to predators?

A

Daphnia grow helmet when there are predators, but don’t grow helmet when there are no predators.

55
Q

Example of a dramatic result of plasticity?

A

Spadefoot toad can be cannibal / not cannibal depending on if the environment they grow up in was rich in food (carnivore) or not (herbivore).

Don’t look alike at all.
Cannibal ones eat the non-cannibal ones (same species!)

56
Q

Reaction norm describes…

A

effect of environmental variable (E) on the phenotype (Z) of a SINGLE genotype (G)

57
Q

How does the reaction norm look like?

A

x-axis = E
y-axis = Z
Different genotypes appear as different lines on the graph.

58
Q

What does a reaction norm where only genetic differences occur look like?

A

Distance b/t G lines, but both lines are horizontal

59
Q

What does a reaction norm where both genetic & environmental differences occur look like?

A

Distance b/t G lines, and the lines have some slope

60
Q

What does a reaction norm where environmental differences play a large role on Z, but G does not look like?

A

Slope in the lines, but the lines are nearly overlapping

61
Q

How do daphnia reproduce?

A

Asexual

62
Q

How to quantify daphnia phototaxis in the lab?

A

Put daphnia in tube and shine light on one end.

See which end it swims towards.

63
Q

What special behaviour does daphnia display?

A

Phototaxis: move towards or away from light

64
Q

Phototaxis

A

Movement in response to light

65
Q

Why are daphnia attracted / not attracted to light?

A

Attracted: food is in the light

Not attracted: predators also in the light

66
Q

What does an adaptive response (evolution) look like on a reaction norm graph?

A

First point is the same, but second point varies

67
Q

Evolution of a reaction norm

A

Evolution choose the reaction norm that is the most adaptive.

E.g. high predation risk = evolve to avoid actions with high risks of predation

68
Q

What shapes the reaction norm?

A

Natural selection

BIO220 (24 decks)

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