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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 15 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 15 Flashcards

Conservation genetics

1
Q

Summarize what Wilson said about biodiversity

A

loss of biodiversity:

  • irreversible
  • least predictable consequences
  • earth is largely unstudied & unappricated
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2
Q

define: biodiversity

A

number & kinds of living organisms in a given area

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3
Q

interspecific variation is also known as…

A

species diversity

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4
Q

intraspecies variation is also known as…

A

genetic diversity

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5
Q

interspecies variation is studied by…

A

ecologists

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6
Q

intraspecies variation is studied by…

A

evolutionary geneticists

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7
Q

3 levels of genetic diversity

A
  1. within individuals (heterozygosity)
  2. between individuals of the same population
  3. between individuals of the same species
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8
Q

CONSERVATION GENETICS

A

applying genetic methods to conservation, restoration, and endangered species management

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9
Q

What happens genetically to declining populations?

A
  • genetic drift
  • inbreeding
  • allee affects
  • demographic stochasticity

= loss of genetic variation

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10
Q

Allee effect

A

positive correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness
- reproduction rate depends on pop’n density

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11
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

random differences among individuals in survivorship and reproduction -> variable pop’n growth rate

“random bad events”

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12
Q

does demographic stochasticity happen if individuals have the same average survival reproduction?

A

Yes

  • doesn’t have to do with phenotype
  • RANDOM
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13
Q

demographic stochasticity is most important in ___ populations

A

small

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14
Q

What matters more for small populations: genetics or demographics?

A
  • Genetics: population decline => decreased Ne => extinction
  • Demography: demographic stochasticiy => extinction before effects of genetics can manifest

Both have effect

  • inbreeding affect demographics
  • demographic stochasticity exacerbate lower Ne
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15
Q

what are the problem with cheetahs (genetically)?

A

very, very similar genetically

  • MHC locus: can accept each other’s skin grafts
  • low polymorphism
  • low heterozygousity
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16
Q

problem with captive cheetas

A
  • low sperm counts

- high disease load

17
Q

How did genetic variation in cheetahs get so bad?

A
  • historical bottleneck lowered Ne

- inbreeding when Ne was low lowered it even more

18
Q

In the wild, most cheetah deaths are due to…

A

cubs die because mom goes hunting (75%)

- deaths are not related to genetics

19
Q

Genetic diversity of wild cheetah

A
  • MHC allele number: low compared to other mammals
  • Nucleotide diversity: similar to other cats, high compared to dogs
  • AA variation at MHC: similar to other cats
20
Q

how do we measure genetic diversity?

A
  • allele number
  • nucleotide diversity
  • AA sequence diversity
21
Q

Florida panthers are a sub-species of…

A

mountain lion found in Florida

22
Q

Problem with Florida panthers

A

Inbreeding depression:

  • low sperm count
  • 1 testicle
  • 90* bend in tail
23
Q

“Genetic rescue” of Florida panther goals

A

Translocation of 8 female pumas from Texas:

  • increase genetic diversity
  • improve population numbers
  • reverse inbreeding depression
24
Q

“Genetic rescue” of Florida panthers results

A
  • more genetic variation w/in individuals
  • N increase (4x)
  • Ne increase (2x)
  • increased heterozygosity = increased survivalship
25
Q

WT vs. admixed panthers vs. backcross F1 panthers in terms of survival. Explain.

A

Backcross F1 has higher survival because higher heterozygousity. Admix was the first generation, so lower heterozygosity, but still higher than WT.

26
Q

What was done to rescue genetic diversity of Swedish adders? What effect did this have?

A

20 male adders introduced to the isolated population in Sweden

  • increase in population density & recruits (young -> adult)
  • more variation at MHC locus
27
Q

What happened to Prairie Chickens?

A

Fragmentation & elimination of prairie habitat caused pockets of very small populations -> low genetic diversity within each fragmented group
- egg hatching & male population size declining

28
Q

What was done to rescue diversity of Prairie Chickens?

A

Translocation: put the isolated groups together

- more egg hatching & more males

29
Q

What happened to the wolves in Scandinavia?

A

Hunted to near extinction

30
Q

How was genetic diversity rescued in wolves?

A

Single immigrant wolf arrived:

  • increase population size
  • increase Ne
31
Q

Inbreeding coefficient

A

How inbred a species is

  • high = low genetic diversity
  • low = high genetic diversity
32
Q

Within ___ generations, the immigrant male wolf became related to every individual in the population

A

2.5

33
Q

What happened to the wolf population long-term?

A

inbreding coefficient is starting to go up again, because male wolf has fathered every unique pup possible. Future matings are all between siblings/half-siblings.

34
Q

Examples of human induced mortality

A
  • hunting
  • fragmentation
  • road accidents
35
Q

introduction/translocation has ___-term benefits

A

short

36
Q

Are genetic rescues effective?

A

Yes, but only short-term

37
Q

Genetic rescue is a ____ strategy

A

time-buying

38
Q

How should we properly use genetic rescue strategies?

A
  • Use it to temporarily increase population size and reduce likelihood of extinction
  • Use gained time to fix underlying problem
  • Eliminate/reduce factors that are causing endangerment
39
Q

What is needed for long-term genetic health of endangered species?

A

Eliminate/reduce factors that are causing endangerment

BIO220 (24 decks)

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