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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 18 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 18 Flashcards

Ecological consequences of genetic variation

1
Q

Biodiversity results in resistance to…. and higher…

A

environmental disturbances;

productivity

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2
Q

GUILDS

A

variety of plant strategies (different types of plants: grass, legumes, etc.)

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3
Q

more biodiversity vs. drought

A

plants with more biodiversity before drought hit maintained 1/2 their biomass after. Those with low biodiversity only had 1/16 or less biomass after.

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4
Q

Cedar Creek experiement

A
  • planted diff number of species/functional groups in each square on a large field
  • test response of squares with more species vs. less species
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5
Q

Results of Cedar Creek experiment

A
  • plants with more biodiversity before drought survived better after drought
  • plants with more guilds in 1 square had highest biomass
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6
Q

Cedar Creek experiment aimed to measure…

A

species diversity

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7
Q

MONOCULTURE

A

all genotype in the culture/crop is the same

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8
Q

POLYCULTURE

A

mixture of 4 genotypes or 8 genotypes

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9
Q

What experiment was performed at U of T’s Koffler Scientific Reserve?

A

Are plant patches that are more genetically diverse able to support more insects?

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10
Q

Are plant patches that are more genetically diverse able to support more insects?

A

Yes
1 genotype < 4 genotypes < 8 genotypes
*NB: overall number of individuals measured was controlled for

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11
Q

What does it mean if genotypes in a mixture react additively?

A
  • genotypes are independent (no interaction of genotypes w/ surrounding genotypes)
  • sum of monoculture results = polyculture results
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12
Q

What does it mean if genotypes in a mixture react non-additively?

A
  • genotypes are dependent on surrounding genotypes

- sum of monoculture results != polyculture results

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13
Q

did the genotypes in the plant-predator study react additively or non-additively?

A

for 2/3 guilds of insects, it was non-additive

  • predators = non-additive; more than expected
  • omnivores = non additive; more than expected
  • herbivores = additive
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14
Q

why were there more insect guilds than expected?

whole > sum of the parts

A
  • plant genotypes differ in their phenotypes: nutrition, growth, defense, flowering
  • more diverse patches = more spacial & temporal niches for insects
  • insects more likely to visit nearby phenotypes if they find their preferred phenotype in a mixed patch
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15
Q

what is the suspected cause of hayfever? what is the real cause?

A

suspected: Solidago (goldenrod)
actual: ragweed

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16
Q

Solidago / goldenrod:

  • __ species in 2 generations
  • one of eastern N. America’s ___
  • colonizes in ____
A
  • 130
  • most abundant wildflowers
  • abandoned fields
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17
Q

what do goldenrods infected by R. solidaginis have (phenotype)?

A

gall on the plant (spiky ball thing)

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18
Q

what do R. solidaginis do to plants?

A

eat plant tissue from the inside, and lay egg inside

19
Q

Goldenrod genotypes differ in their susceptibility to __

A

galling

20
Q

nutrient concentration in galled vs. ungalled plants

A

galled: more N and C rich

21
Q

whether or not goldenrods are attacked by insects affect…

A

rate of nutrient flow in the ecosystem

22
Q

can genetic variation affect nutrient sampling? give an example.

A

Yes;

Goldenrod gall formation

23
Q

rate of decomposition in galled vs. ungalled goldenrods

A

gall lose nutrients slower, but by 24 weeks, galled = ungalled

24
Q

Coyote Bush is native to…

A

California

25
Q

Coyote Bush is an important colonizing species of…

A

glasslands & scrub ecosystems

26
Q

2 distinct architectual genotypes of Coyote Bush

A
  1. erect (tall)

2. prostrate (flat, spread over large area)

27
Q

when Coyote Bush colonizes, it facilitates…

A

the colonization of other coastal sage scrub species

28
Q

the different coyote bush phenotypes affect…

A
  • light hitting ground under bush
  • temp under bush
  • litter depth (amount of leave dropped on the ground)
    v
  • biomass
  • % cover
  • species richness of other colonizers
29
Q

which Coyote Bush genotype has more litter depth?

A

prostrate

30
Q

which Coyote Bush genotype has more…

  • biomass
  • % cover
  • species richness of other colonizers
A

Erect (for total, exotic, and native species of Coyote Bush)

31
Q

genotype of the Coyote bush affects ____

A

abiotic environment; success of other plant species growing in this environment is affected by phenotype of this plant

32
Q

can genetic variation affect the colonization of other species?

A

yes

33
Q

What is happening at the Rothamsted Research Station, UK?

A

Experiment that started in 1850;

Effect of fertilizer on hay fields (how to maximize hay yield)

34
Q

What is present in fertilizer to increase hay yield?

A

different combinations of N, P, K, Mg

35
Q

the Rothamsted experiment examines response of communities to…

A
  • fertilizer
  • time
  • both
36
Q

By changing the nutrients given to each plot of land, the Rothamsted experiment was able to…

A

change the type of vegetation that grew in each pasture

37
Q

How does fertilizer influence species diversity? Why?

A

More fertilizer added = less species richness

  • remove limiting resource for the most competitive species
  • allows most competitive species to out-compete all other species
38
Q

How does fertilizer influence genetic diversity? Why?

A

More nutrients added = more genetic diversity

  • remove limiting nutrient of a type of species
  • that species has more nutrients to support more genotypes
  • elimination of weaker competitors opens niche space for more genotype of remaining species
39
Q

What species was examined by the Rothamsted experiment for genetic diversity?

A

Anthoxanthum odoratum

40
Q

main idea of this lecture

A

genetic variation will affect ecological processes around it

41
Q

traditional view of ecology & genes

A

ecology imposes selection, which shapes which genes are selected for by evolution

42
Q

genetic variation within species will affect…

A

ecological processes

  • distribution & abundance of other species
  • disturbance recovery
  • nutrient decomposition
43
Q

BIO220 combines…

A
  • ecology
  • evolution
  • genes

BIO220 (24 decks)

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