BIO220 Lecture 18 Flashcards

Ecological consequences of genetic variation

1
Q

Biodiversity results in resistance to…. and higher…

A

environmental disturbances;

productivity

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2
Q

GUILDS

A

variety of plant strategies (different types of plants: grass, legumes, etc.)

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3
Q

more biodiversity vs. drought

A

plants with more biodiversity before drought hit maintained 1/2 their biomass after. Those with low biodiversity only had 1/16 or less biomass after.

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4
Q

Cedar Creek experiement

A
  • planted diff number of species/functional groups in each square on a large field
  • test response of squares with more species vs. less species
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5
Q

Results of Cedar Creek experiment

A
  • plants with more biodiversity before drought survived better after drought
  • plants with more guilds in 1 square had highest biomass
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6
Q

Cedar Creek experiment aimed to measure…

A

species diversity

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7
Q

MONOCULTURE

A

all genotype in the culture/crop is the same

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8
Q

POLYCULTURE

A

mixture of 4 genotypes or 8 genotypes

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9
Q

What experiment was performed at U of T’s Koffler Scientific Reserve?

A

Are plant patches that are more genetically diverse able to support more insects?

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10
Q

Are plant patches that are more genetically diverse able to support more insects?

A

Yes
1 genotype < 4 genotypes < 8 genotypes
*NB: overall number of individuals measured was controlled for

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11
Q

What does it mean if genotypes in a mixture react additively?

A
  • genotypes are independent (no interaction of genotypes w/ surrounding genotypes)
  • sum of monoculture results = polyculture results
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12
Q

What does it mean if genotypes in a mixture react non-additively?

A
  • genotypes are dependent on surrounding genotypes

- sum of monoculture results != polyculture results

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13
Q

did the genotypes in the plant-predator study react additively or non-additively?

A

for 2/3 guilds of insects, it was non-additive

  • predators = non-additive; more than expected
  • omnivores = non additive; more than expected
  • herbivores = additive
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14
Q

why were there more insect guilds than expected?

whole > sum of the parts

A
  • plant genotypes differ in their phenotypes: nutrition, growth, defense, flowering
  • more diverse patches = more spacial & temporal niches for insects
  • insects more likely to visit nearby phenotypes if they find their preferred phenotype in a mixed patch
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15
Q

what is the suspected cause of hayfever? what is the real cause?

A

suspected: Solidago (goldenrod)
actual: ragweed

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16
Q

Solidago / goldenrod:

  • __ species in 2 generations
  • one of eastern N. America’s ___
  • colonizes in ____
A
  • 130
  • most abundant wildflowers
  • abandoned fields
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17
Q

what do goldenrods infected by R. solidaginis have (phenotype)?

A

gall on the plant (spiky ball thing)

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18
Q

what do R. solidaginis do to plants?

A

eat plant tissue from the inside, and lay egg inside

19
Q

Goldenrod genotypes differ in their susceptibility to __

20
Q

nutrient concentration in galled vs. ungalled plants

A

galled: more N and C rich

21
Q

whether or not goldenrods are attacked by insects affect…

A

rate of nutrient flow in the ecosystem

22
Q

can genetic variation affect nutrient sampling? give an example.

A

Yes;

Goldenrod gall formation

23
Q

rate of decomposition in galled vs. ungalled goldenrods

A

gall lose nutrients slower, but by 24 weeks, galled = ungalled

24
Q

Coyote Bush is native to…

A

California

25
Coyote Bush is an important colonizing species of...
glasslands & scrub ecosystems
26
2 distinct architectual genotypes of Coyote Bush
1. erect (tall) | 2. prostrate (flat, spread over large area)
27
when Coyote Bush colonizes, it facilitates...
the colonization of other coastal sage scrub species
28
the different coyote bush phenotypes affect...
- light hitting ground under bush - temp under bush - litter depth (amount of leave dropped on the ground) v - biomass - % cover - species richness of other colonizers
29
which Coyote Bush genotype has more litter depth?
prostrate
30
which Coyote Bush genotype has more... - biomass - % cover - species richness of other colonizers
Erect (for total, exotic, and native species of Coyote Bush)
31
genotype of the Coyote bush affects ____
abiotic environment; success of other plant species growing in this environment is affected by phenotype of this plant
32
can genetic variation affect the colonization of other species?
yes
33
What is happening at the Rothamsted Research Station, UK?
Experiment that started in 1850; | Effect of fertilizer on hay fields (how to maximize hay yield)
34
What is present in fertilizer to increase hay yield?
different combinations of N, P, K, Mg
35
the Rothamsted experiment examines response of communities to...
- fertilizer - time - both
36
By changing the nutrients given to each plot of land, the Rothamsted experiment was able to...
change the type of vegetation that grew in each pasture
37
How does fertilizer influence species diversity? Why?
More fertilizer added = less species richness - remove limiting resource for the most competitive species - allows most competitive species to out-compete all other species
38
How does fertilizer influence genetic diversity? Why?
More nutrients added = more genetic diversity - remove limiting nutrient of a type of species - that species has more nutrients to support more genotypes - elimination of weaker competitors opens niche space for more genotype of remaining species
39
What species was examined by the Rothamsted experiment for genetic diversity?
Anthoxanthum odoratum
40
main idea of this lecture
genetic variation will affect ecological processes around it
41
traditional view of ecology & genes
ecology imposes selection, which shapes which genes are selected for by evolution
42
genetic variation within species will affect...
ecological processes - distribution & abundance of other species - disturbance recovery - nutrient decomposition
43
BIO220 combines...
- ecology - evolution - genes