BIO220 Lecture 12 Flashcards

Ecological & evolutionary genetics

1
Q

total DNA =

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

genome is composed of…

A
  • mitochondria DNA
  • chloroplasts (plants)
  • sex chromosomes
  • autosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sex chromosomes of humans is same as which organism? What is it?

A

fruit flies

males: XY
females: XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sex chromosomes of birds, lepidoptera…

A

male: ZZ
female: WZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lepidoptera

A

moths, butterflies, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

autosomes are divided into…

A
  • high recombination

- low recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of things that are uniparentially inherited

A
  • mt (mitochondria genome)

- Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mt genome is inherited from…

A

mom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

areas of low recombination will be inherited as ___, while areas of high recombination will be inherited ____

A

a unit

independently (broken up by recombination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do we use to infer contributions of both parents?

A

regions of the genome that are inherited biparentally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can we use to infer contributions of 1 parent?

A
  • Y chrom for dad

- mt chrom for mom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ can be used to understand patterns in genetic data

A

data about behaviour & ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ can be used to understand the evolutionary process

A

genetic markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

elephant social groups are composed of…

A

females & juveniles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do male elephants do when they mature?

A

leave their natal group, but do not join other social groups either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when male elephants want to breed?

A

They go back to their natal group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Do elephants avoid inbreeding? Why?

A

yes, because inbreeding depression is severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can we measure inbreeding depression / fitness in elephants?

A

genetic markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are direct experiments on elephants not done?

A

Long gestation period & lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When we use genetic markers to get data that cannot be measured by direct experiments, this is called…

A

inferential approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do elephants mate with their kin? What does this mean?

A

No, not even distantly related ones. There is a high cost for inbreeding depression.

22
Q

Which mating behaviours were observed with elephants?

A
  • following
  • guarding
  • copulating
  • siring offspring
23
Q

Do female elephants have a say in inbreeding?

A

Probably, but it is hard to assess

24
Q

Do male elephants fight for mates? What does this suggest?

A

Yes, may be death battles

cost of fighting < benefit of having inbred kids

25
define: ecotype
a distinct form or race of a plant or animal species occupying a particular habitat
26
possible reasons why some wolves might migrate while others don't
1. different ecotypes (genetic) | 2. ecological forces
27
What test is used for elephant genetics?
litmus test
28
Which habitats are in Canada's North? What are they separated by?
- tundra - taiga - boreal coniferous forest separated by treeline
29
Which wolves migrate and which don't?
Northern ones migrate | Southern ones do not
30
What was used to quantify genetic differentiation in wolves?
F_st 1 = complete differentiation 0 = no differentiation
31
What did microsatellite analysis of wolf populations show?
microsatellite loci / alleles clustered together - shows distinct spatial separation - there is genetic differentiation between the 2 groups
32
Fst of mtDNA vs. Fst of Y chrom & autosomes
``` mtDNA = 0.28 Y-chrom = 0.03 ```
33
What ecological forces may have led to differentiation in migrating behaviour?
caribou migration (prey for wolves) Northern wolves follow caribou south in the winter
34
Why do southern wolves not follow caribou?
prey on deer, moose, elk, non-migratory caribou | - southern wolves are territorial
35
Which habitat do southern wolves reside?
boreal coniferous forest
36
When does wolf mating happen?
during Feb / March (when Northern wolves go to the south to feed)
37
What determines if wolf pups are migratory or territorial?
follows the natal pack
38
why is there such a big difference between the Fst of maternal & other markers?
Pups follow what the mom does (natal pack), so measuring the mtDNA will give big differences between North & South. Other markers are not affected, so would be about 50:50 in North vs. South
39
what leads to migration of caribou?
seasonal variation
40
patterns of differentiation depend on...
genetic systems
41
____ determines transmission of different types of markers
behaviour
42
An organism's genome will be a mosaic of...
relatedness & differentiation
43
Patrilocality causes...
- high mtDNA variation within a population - low mtDNA variation between populations - low Y-STR variation within a population - high Y-STR variation between populations
44
Matrilocality causes...
- high Y-STR variation within a population - low Y-STR variation between populations - low mtDNA variation within a population - high mtDNA variation between populations
45
when males move, there is...
more variation of Y-STR
46
when females move, there is...
more variation of mtDNA
47
reduced genetic diversity is carried by the sex that...
stays with natal group
48
___ is used in long-lived organisms to infer fitness & evolutionary process
genetic markers
49
To understand the migratory behaviour of wolves, we need to combine...
- knowledge of how genome is transmitted | - knowledge of behaviour
50
Human social behaviour will affect...
- patterns of genetic differentiation | - diversity among and w/in populations