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BIO220 > BIO220 Lecture 12 > Flashcards

BIO220 Lecture 12 Flashcards

Ecological & evolutionary genetics

1
Q

total DNA =

A

genome

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2
Q

genome is composed of…

A
  • mitochondria DNA
  • chloroplasts (plants)
  • sex chromosomes
  • autosomes
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3
Q

Sex chromosomes of humans is same as which organism? What is it?

A

fruit flies

males: XY
females: XX

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4
Q

Sex chromosomes of birds, lepidoptera…

A

male: ZZ
female: WZ

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5
Q

lepidoptera

A

moths, butterflies, etc.

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6
Q

autosomes are divided into…

A
  • high recombination

- low recombination

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7
Q

examples of things that are uniparentially inherited

A
  • mt (mitochondria genome)

- Y chromosome

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8
Q

mt genome is inherited from…

A

mom

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9
Q

areas of low recombination will be inherited as ___, while areas of high recombination will be inherited ____

A

a unit

independently (broken up by recombination)

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10
Q

What do we use to infer contributions of both parents?

A

regions of the genome that are inherited biparentally

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11
Q

What can we use to infer contributions of 1 parent?

A
  • Y chrom for dad

- mt chrom for mom

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12
Q

____ can be used to understand patterns in genetic data

A

data about behaviour & ecology

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13
Q

___ can be used to understand the evolutionary process

A

genetic markers

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14
Q

elephant social groups are composed of…

A

females & juveniles

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15
Q

what do male elephants do when they mature?

A

leave their natal group, but do not join other social groups either

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16
Q

What happens when male elephants want to breed?

A

They go back to their natal group

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17
Q

Do elephants avoid inbreeding? Why?

A

yes, because inbreeding depression is severe

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18
Q

How can we measure inbreeding depression / fitness in elephants?

A

genetic markers

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19
Q

Why are direct experiments on elephants not done?

A

Long gestation period & lifespan

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20
Q

When we use genetic markers to get data that cannot be measured by direct experiments, this is called…

A

inferential approach

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21
Q

Do elephants mate with their kin? What does this mean?

A

No, not even distantly related ones. There is a high cost for inbreeding depression.

22
Q

Which mating behaviours were observed with elephants?

A
  • following
  • guarding
  • copulating
  • siring offspring
23
Q

Do female elephants have a say in inbreeding?

A

Probably, but it is hard to assess

24
Q

Do male elephants fight for mates? What does this suggest?

A

Yes, may be death battles

cost of fighting < benefit of having inbred kids

25
Q

define: ecotype

A

a distinct form or race of a plant or animal species occupying a particular habitat

26
Q

possible reasons why some wolves might migrate while others don’t

A
  1. different ecotypes (genetic)

2. ecological forces

27
Q

What test is used for elephant genetics?

A

litmus test

28
Q

Which habitats are in Canada’s North? What are they separated by?

A
  • tundra
  • taiga
  • boreal coniferous forest

separated by treeline

29
Q

Which wolves migrate and which don’t?

A

Northern ones migrate

Southern ones do not

30
Q

What was used to quantify genetic differentiation in wolves?

A

F_st
1 = complete differentiation
0 = no differentiation

31
Q

What did microsatellite analysis of wolf populations show?

A

microsatellite loci / alleles clustered together

  • shows distinct spatial separation
  • there is genetic differentiation between the 2 groups
32
Q

Fst of mtDNA vs. Fst of Y chrom & autosomes

A 
mtDNA = 0.28
Y-chrom = 0.03
33
Q

What ecological forces may have led to differentiation in migrating behaviour?

A

caribou migration (prey for wolves)

Northern wolves follow caribou south in the winter

34
Q

Why do southern wolves not follow caribou?

A

prey on deer, moose, elk, non-migratory caribou

- southern wolves are territorial

35
Q

Which habitat do southern wolves reside?

A

boreal coniferous forest

36
Q

When does wolf mating happen?

A

during Feb / March (when Northern wolves go to the south to feed)

37
Q

What determines if wolf pups are migratory or territorial?

A

follows the natal pack

38
Q

why is there such a big difference between the Fst of maternal & other markers?

A

Pups follow what the mom does (natal pack), so measuring the mtDNA will give big differences between North & South.

Other markers are not affected, so would be about 50:50 in North vs. South

39
Q

what leads to migration of caribou?

A

seasonal variation

40
Q

patterns of differentiation depend on…

A

genetic systems

41
Q

____ determines transmission of different types of markers

A

behaviour

42
Q

An organism’s genome will be a mosaic of…

A

relatedness & differentiation

43
Q

Patrilocality causes…

A
  • high mtDNA variation within a population
  • low mtDNA variation between populations
  • low Y-STR variation within a population
  • high Y-STR variation between populations
44
Q

Matrilocality causes…

A
  • high Y-STR variation within a population
  • low Y-STR variation between populations
  • low mtDNA variation within a population
  • high mtDNA variation between populations
45
Q

when males move, there is…

A

more variation of Y-STR

46
Q

when females move, there is…

A

more variation of mtDNA

47
Q

reduced genetic diversity is carried by the sex that…

A

stays with natal group

48
Q

___ is used in long-lived organisms to infer fitness & evolutionary process

A

genetic markers

49
Q

To understand the migratory behaviour of wolves, we need to combine…

A
  • knowledge of how genome is transmitted

- knowledge of behaviour

50
Q

Human social behaviour will affect…

A
  • patterns of genetic differentiation

- diversity among and w/in populations

BIO220 (24 decks)

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