BIO220 Lecture 12

Question 1

total DNA =

Answer 1

genome

Question 2

genome is composed of…

Answer 2

• mitochondria DNA
• chloroplasts (plants)
• sex chromosomes
• autosomes

Question 3

Sex chromosomes of humans is same as which organism? What is it?

Answer 3

fruit flies

males: XY
females: XX

Question 4

Sex chromosomes of birds, lepidoptera…

Answer 4

male: ZZ
female: WZ

Question 5

lepidoptera

Answer 5

moths, butterflies, etc.

Question 6

autosomes are divided into…

Answer 6

• high recombination

- low recombination

Question 7

examples of things that are uniparentially inherited

Answer 7

• mt (mitochondria genome)

- Y chromosome

Question 8

mt genome is inherited from…

Answer 8

mom

Question 9

areas of low recombination will be inherited as ___, while areas of high recombination will be inherited ____

Answer 9

a unit

independently (broken up by recombination)

Question 10

What do we use to infer contributions of both parents?

Answer 10

regions of the genome that are inherited biparentally

Question 11

What can we use to infer contributions of 1 parent?

Answer 11

• Y chrom for dad

- mt chrom for mom

Question 12

____ can be used to understand patterns in genetic data

Answer 12

data about behaviour & ecology

Question 13

___ can be used to understand the evolutionary process

Answer 13

genetic markers

Question 14

elephant social groups are composed of…

Answer 14

females & juveniles

Question 15

what do male elephants do when they mature?

Answer 15

leave their natal group, but do not join other social groups either

Question 16

What happens when male elephants want to breed?

Answer 16

They go back to their natal group

Question 17

Do elephants avoid inbreeding? Why?

Answer 17

yes, because inbreeding depression is severe

Question 18

How can we measure inbreeding depression / fitness in elephants?

Answer 18

genetic markers

Question 19

Why are direct experiments on elephants not done?

Answer 19

Long gestation period & lifespan

Question 20

When we use genetic markers to get data that cannot be measured by direct experiments, this is called…

Answer 20

inferential approach

Question 21

Do elephants mate with their kin? What does this mean?

Answer 21

No, not even distantly related ones. There is a high cost for inbreeding depression.

Question 22

Which mating behaviours were observed with elephants?

Answer 22

• following
• guarding
• copulating
• siring offspring

Question 23

Do female elephants have a say in inbreeding?

Answer 23

Probably, but it is hard to assess

Question 24

Do male elephants fight for mates? What does this suggest?

Answer 24

Yes, may be death battles

cost of fighting < benefit of having inbred kids

Question 25

define: ecotype

Answer 25

a distinct form or race of a plant or animal species occupying a particular habitat

Question 26

possible reasons why some wolves might migrate while others don't

Answer 26

1. different ecotypes (genetic) | 2. ecological forces

Question 27

What test is used for elephant genetics?

Answer 27

litmus test

Question 28

Which habitats are in Canada's North? What are they separated by?

Answer 28

- tundra - taiga - boreal coniferous forest separated by treeline

Question 29

Which wolves migrate and which don't?

Answer 29

Northern ones migrate | Southern ones do not

Question 30

What was used to quantify genetic differentiation in wolves?

Answer 30

F_st 1 = complete differentiation 0 = no differentiation

Question 31

What did microsatellite analysis of wolf populations show?

Answer 31

microsatellite loci / alleles clustered together - shows distinct spatial separation - there is genetic differentiation between the 2 groups

Question 32

Fst of mtDNA vs. Fst of Y chrom & autosomes

Answer 32

``` mtDNA = 0.28 Y-chrom = 0.03 ```

Question 33

What ecological forces may have led to differentiation in migrating behaviour?

Answer 33

caribou migration (prey for wolves) Northern wolves follow caribou south in the winter

Question 34

Why do southern wolves not follow caribou?

Answer 34

prey on deer, moose, elk, non-migratory caribou | - southern wolves are territorial

Question 35

Which habitat do southern wolves reside?

Answer 35

boreal coniferous forest

Question 36

When does wolf mating happen?

Answer 36

during Feb / March (when Northern wolves go to the south to feed)

Question 37

What determines if wolf pups are migratory or territorial?

Answer 37

follows the natal pack

Question 38

why is there such a big difference between the Fst of maternal & other markers?

Answer 38

Pups follow what the mom does (natal pack), so measuring the mtDNA will give big differences between North & South. Other markers are not affected, so would be about 50:50 in North vs. South

Question 39

what leads to migration of caribou?

Answer 39

seasonal variation

Question 40

patterns of differentiation depend on...

Answer 40

genetic systems

Question 41

____ determines transmission of different types of markers

Answer 41

behaviour

Question 42

An organism's genome will be a mosaic of...

Answer 42

relatedness & differentiation

Question 43

Patrilocality causes...

Answer 43

- high mtDNA variation within a population - low mtDNA variation between populations - low Y-STR variation within a population - high Y-STR variation between populations

Question 44

Matrilocality causes...

Answer 44

- high Y-STR variation within a population - low Y-STR variation between populations - low mtDNA variation within a population - high mtDNA variation between populations

Question 45

when males move, there is...

Answer 45

more variation of Y-STR

Question 46

when females move, there is...

Answer 46

more variation of mtDNA

Question 47

reduced genetic diversity is carried by the sex that...

Answer 47

stays with natal group

Question 48

___ is used in long-lived organisms to infer fitness & evolutionary process

Answer 48

genetic markers

Question 49

To understand the migratory behaviour of wolves, we need to combine...

Answer 49

- knowledge of how genome is transmitted | - knowledge of behaviour

Question 50

Human social behaviour will affect...

Answer 50

- patterns of genetic differentiation | - diversity among and w/in populations