bio year 10 Flashcards
ecosystem
all living organisms in an area
community
organisms within an ecosystem
habitat
area where living organisms live in
producers
make their own food using photosynthesis
consumers
all animals
can’t make food for themselves
have to eat other animals
decomposers
gain energy by feeding on dead
biomass
mass of living material present
biotic
living factors
abiotic
non living factors
abiotic factors effecting the community include:
light intensity (degrees celsius)
temperature (lux)
moisture level %
soil pH (no units )
efficiency of biomass transfer
biomass after
———————. x 100
biomass before
biomass lost by
cellular respiration
urine
egestion
excretion
not all of the organism might be eaten
denitirfying bacteria
gives out nitrogen gas by converting nitrate and nitrite
nitrifying bacteria
converts ammonia into nitrate
nitrogen fixing bacteria
supply plant with vital nutrients
carbon removed from atmosphere by
photosynthesis
carbon released into surroundings by
respiration
decomposition
burning fossil fuels
decomposition factors
warm temp
moist environment
aerobic conditions
rate of decay
change in mass
_________________
time (day)
maintaining internal environment
homeostasis
normal body temp
37
what happens when you get hot
vasodilation
body hairs lower
sweating
blood vessels widen near skin increasing heat being lost
what happens when you get cold
vasoconstriction
don’t sweat
hair sticks up which traps a layer of air close to skin
shivering
when blood sugar levels are high what hormone is released
insulin
what hormone is released when blood sugar levels are low
glucagon
what is glycogen and where is it stored
glycogen is extra glucose stored in liver
Type 1 diabetes
- cannot produce insulin
- childhood
- balanced diet and exercise
- insulin injections
Type 2 diabetes
- cannot effectively use insulin
- later in life
- obesity
- regulating carbohydrate intake
- exercise
- lose weight
How is urine produced
- small molecules pass into tubes in kidney (filtration)
- kidney will put back any useful substance (selective reabsorption)
where is urine produced
in nephrons
water potential hormone
ADH anti-diuretic hormone
glomerulus
knot of capillaries
filtration
nervous system vs endocrine system
nervous system
- nerve impulses
- short effect
-fast speed
- precise area
endocrine system
- hormones
- slower
- blood
- larger area
- longer acting
negative feedback definition
when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point, there is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.
what is thyroxine and how it’s controlled
thyroxine controls metabolic rate
thyroid gland
TSH hormones stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine
what is adrenaline and how it’s controlled
adrenal glands
‘fight or flight’ response
You start to:
- respire quickly
- increase rate of breathing and heart
- blood focused around muscles
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
released by pituitary gland
causes an egg to mature
stimulates oestrogen production
OESTROGEN
causes uterus lining to build up
released by ovaries
inhibit FSH (prevents more then one egg maturing )
stimulates LH
LH
luteinising
triggers ovulation
14th day
PROGESTRONE
Maintains uterus lining
inhibits LH
non hormonal contraceptives
barrier methods
(order of effectiveness)
condom
diaphragm
intrauterine device
hormonal contraception
oestrogen and progesterone pill
progesterone pil
infertility causes
blocked ducts
not enough sprm
lack of mature eggs
failure of eggs to be released
IVF
in vitro fertilisation
collecting eggs and fertilising with sperm outside body
unnatural
expensive
multiple births
plant hormone that enables growth towards stimulus
auxin
phototropism
growing towards the light
gravitropism
same direction and gravity
plants responding to light
auxins build up in the shaded side of the plant
plants respond to gravity by
uneven auxin distribution
Ethene
- causes fruit to ripen
- fruit taste sweeter
- exists as a gas
Giberellins fuction
promote growth
end dormancy of seeds and buds
other auxin functions
weed killer (weeds grow fast)
promoting root growth
delay ripening
produce seedless fruit
controlling dormancy
artery features
thick outer wall
thick layer of muscle
small lumen
high pressure
vein features
thin outer wall
thick muscle
large lumen
smooth lining
valves that stop blood following in wrong direction
capillary features
very small lumen
single layer of cells
semipermeable walls
order blood travels in heart
pulmonary artery (right atrium)
lungs
pulmonary veins (left atrium)
aorta (left atrium)
body
vena cava (right ventricle)
what is in blood
plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
translocation
phloem transporting sugars and soluble food molecules
made of living cells
any direction flow
has sieve plates
transpiration
xylem transports water and mineral ions
made up of dead cells
one way direction (up)
no sieve plate
thick walls
what structure do xylem and phloem tissues form
vascular bundles
what do vascular bundles do
in leaf support leaf tissue
in the stem they provide strength
in the root found in centre as an anchor
transpiration stream
water moves into roots via osmosis
water moves up stem
moves into leaves to replace water loss from evaporation and open stomata
Factors affecting transpiration
light intensity /-
temperature /
air movement /-
humidity \
measuring rate of transpiration
formula
rate of movement= distance (mm) / time (s)
