Bio Week 5 Flashcards
In 1665, a scientist Hooke discovered cells
and drew everything he saw in his book Micrographia.
with the help of a what invention?
Compound microscope (originally 10x magnification) and
his own improved microscope, Hooke’s microscope (50x magnification).
Holland scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek developed his own microscope
that had almost 300x magnification!
What type of “animalcules” did he see?
Red blood cells, bacteria, algae, sperm cells, protists.
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
declared all animals and plants were made up of___________ .
Cells ! ! !
All living things are made of cells ! ! !
Around 1839, the Cell Theory was formed.
What 3 things does it state?
- All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life (structure & function).
- New cells arise from existing cells.
What more recent invention allows
scientists to magnify objects up to 10,000,000 times?
Yooooo boy!
Electron microscope is da bomb!
Give 2 examples of unicellular organisms
& 2 examples of multicellular organisms.
Unicellular (meaning ONE): bacteria, some algae
Multicellular: humans (or name any animal), most plants
Many cells working together form ___ [A] ____ .
Different [A]’s working together form an ___ [B] ____ .
Different [B]’s working together for an ____[C]____ _________ .
Many [C]’s come together to form an ___ [D] ____ .
[A] - tissue
[B]- organ
[C] - organ system
[D] - organism, or multicellular organism
What 2 main things do all cells have in common?
AND what is the function of each of these 2 things?
Cell membrane: the “bag” that holds all the stuff inside the cell
DNA: contains genetic material for function and to reproduce
All cells fall into one of the 2 categories for cells, what are the 2 categories?
What are some differences?
Prokaryotes: all single celled organisms, they tend to be smaller, more simple, primitive,
Eukaryotes: (“Eu” have a nucleus), tend to be bigger & more complex
LIST THE CHARACTERISTICS WE USE TO DEFINE A LIVING ORGANISM
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Grow. Reproduce. Respond to stimuli. Move?
What do we call the genetic material within cells?
Where is it found?
DNA.
It is in the nucleus in eukaryotes, and free floating in prokaryotes.
Which of the 2 major groups of cell types is this?
Give at least 2 reasons how you know.
Prokaryote.
It has a cell wall.
It does not have a nucleus (DNA floating around).
What free-floating cellular component
manufactures proteins for the cell to use?
(used for structure and enzymes)
Ribosomes
What rigid cellular structure
is found in almost all prokaryotes?
Where else would you find it?
Cell Wall.
Can be found in plants
(Remember the first cork cells seen by Hooke?)
The small “organs” inside eukaryotic cells are called ________ .
Organelles
What is the name of the “command center” for the cell,
as well as where we find DNA,
and typically the largest ORGANELLE found inside eukaryotes !
Nucleus ! ! !
What are the 3 main parts of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope (“wall” around nucleus)
chromatin (knotted up DNA)
nucleolus (the nucleus inside the nucleus makin’dem ribosomes!)
Ribosomes (remember those protein factories?)
take their directions from the ______________ .
DNA (within the nucleus)
Ribosomes are found mainly in what 2 places in the cell?
Cytoplasm
and
Rough ER
What are Smooth ER and Rough ER? What does each make?
They are types of ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough (for ribosomes) make proteins
Smooth make lipids (AKA fats)
BONUS: What tissues can you find more of each one?
Explain how the Golgi Apparatus is like
a Lego set builder.
“Cell Manager” Golgi takes vesicle proteins
and builds them into needed materials for the cell and body.
It also makes lysosomes!
Vesicles do what?
transport molecules around the cell (from ER to Golgi)
Who are the trash eating demo organelles?
Lysosomes
BONUS: Where do they come from?
If Lysosomes are the “trash men” of the cell,
what organelle stores the cell’s water, food, and poo?
Ew, floating around together?
Vacuoles! !
BONUS: Identify which cell is a plant and give 2 reasons?
What organelle has cell sap and explain why it causes plants to wilt?
A plant VACUOLE holds cell sap which keeps a plant upright.
If the plant doesn’t get enough water,
the vacuole will not be full enough to keep the plant standing up.
What “m” organelle has mDNA ?
“mother” DNA? ;)
What’s it’s job?
mitochondria make menergy
What is the green beast of the leaf?
You know the thing that holds chloro-what?
And magically turns sunlight into wha-what?
Chloroplasts!
Chlorophyll
Energy
Endosymbiotic
Explain this super confusing hard to pronounce word.
endo- “in”
symbio- “relationship”
One creature living inside another.
Endoskeleton is skeleton on the “inside” (like humans),
Exoskeleton is on the outside of creatures (like xenomorphs & bugs)
What is cytoskeleton?
The internal protein-filament frame in a cell,
gives it shape or movement.
BONUS: What are the 2 types of protein-filaments? #82
Centrioles, WTF are they ?
ONLY ANIMAL CELLS: Tubulin structures that help in cell reproduction
(AKA: cell division)
What are some jobs of a cell’s Lipid Bilayer?
Flexible “bags” to hold all the cell juice & organelles together.
Gatekeeper to what comes in & out of the cell (using protein “gates”)
Carbohydrates embedded in the lipid bilayer are the cell’s ID.
A solvent and solute make up a solution.
What is a solvent?
What is a solute?
A solute is being dissolved by the solvent (typically liquid).
The more solute in a solvent
the higher the ______________ of the soultion.
concentration
Bonus Berry Time ! ! !
When a solution reaches equilibrium,
what does that mean about the solute and solvent?
The solute has diffused evenly
throughout the solution.
Explain how water (and not a sugar molecule)
can move through a semipermeable membrane?
Semipermeable only lets certain molecules through.
Water diffuses through membranes by osmosis.
True or False:
Osmotic pressure is the amount of water inside a cell causing pressure on the cell membrane (lipid bilayer).
True ! Think of a swelling balloon!
Passive transport is the movement of molecules across the lipid bilayer (cell membrane).
What are the 2 types?
(one moves on its own like water, one needs “help”)
Diffusion and Facilitated diffuse
(via protein channels in the lipid bilayer)
Passive transport does NOT require energy?
What is the type of transport that requires activity?
What are endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis is when the cell membrane “chomps” up
material outside forming a vacuole & brings it into the cell.
Exocytosis is when the cell spits it out (via a vacuole).
