Bio Week 11 Flashcards
Genetic engineering , what is the purpose?
selective breeding is selecting ________ with certain traits
that will be passed on to ________ .
parents
offspring / next generation
What is a hybrid?
mix of 2 pure breeds
How far back did genetic engineering start?
What society was known to selectively breed?
Loooong time ago (Greeks & Romans)
Explain why inbreeding can be bad
(when you mate 2 parents with very similar
genetic DNA).
When the genetics are so similar, it increases risk
of genetic defects appearing (even recessive).
An organism with extra chromosomes is called a ____________ .
polyploid
Getting DNA out of a cell to study it is called ______ .
_______ _________ are used to cut up the DNA into parts
(AKA restrict how long the DNA piece is)
DNA extraction
restrictive enzyme
Explain gel electrophoresis.
The process of separating DNA fragments
through a gel with a positive and negative charge.
What does DNA sequencing do?
Tells us the order of the base pairs in astrands of DNA.
When you recombine original DNA with
lab created DNA it is called _________ DNA.
recombinant DNA
In genetic engineering, DNA is cut apart by ______ enzymes ,
and put back together by the enzyme _______ _______
restrictive enzymes
DNA ligase
Explain what a genetic marker is, and it’s usefullness.
Used to identify DNA that has been manipulated.
Used to isolate the genetic engineered DNA.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) has 3 ingredients:
1.
2.
3.
- nucleotides (ingredients)
- Taq polymerase (mixers/assembly)
- DNA primers (instructions)
A thermal cycler heats and cools DNA to separate and
allow it to reconnect.
The 2 terms for the separation and joining of DNA primers is called?
denature
anneal
What is DNA polymerase?
Taq polymerase is superior to DNA polymerase because?
DNA polymerase is naturally found in the cells
and replicates DNA in the nucleus.
Taq polymerase is added by scientists and can withstand the heat
of PCR thermal cycling.
Transgenic organisms contain DNA from ?
What are some benefits to transgenic animals?
Two different species.
Cows that produce more milk, leaner meats by reducing fat,
salmon that grow faster, chickens resistant to infections.
Absorbing foreign DNA into original DNA transforms the original DNA.
What is this process called?
What are some ways to introduce foreign DNA?
transformation
Inserting via:
- Removing the cell wall for cell to absorb.
- Bacterial plasmid inserted into cell.
- DNA is directly injected.
How have scientists transformed bacteria
to be manufacturers?
Used transformationinto a bacteria cells to have them produce
chemicals useful to humans or science (insulin, hormones, blood products).
What type of cell is this?
What are the missing components?
Eukaryote, heterotroph
Glucose is needed for glycolysis
and the purpose is to produce ATP!
What are GMOs (genetically modified organsims/food) ?
Either:
- Organisms selectively bred through generations
or
- transgenic mix of 2 species.
Explain the steps to genetic engineering of an embryonic clone.
Before a zygote/germ cell differentiates, the cells are separated
and allowed to continue to grow. Creating multiple organisms
all with the same DNA.
What is adult cell cloning?
Adult cell cloning is the use of somatic cell DNA to create offspring,
by inecting somatic DNA into an empty female egg cell (nucleus removed).
What is a surrogate?
A surrogate is an organism that is carrying the zygote
from another organism.
BONUS: Does the zygote contain surrogate DNA?
BONUS BONUS: Will the zygote share traits with the surrogate?
