Bio. II lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Single-cell ancestor

A

Common, primitive cell from which all life evolved.

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2
Q

Multicellular

A

Organisms composed of multiple specialized cells working together for functions.

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3
Q

Porifera

A

Phylum of aquatic animals, including sponges, with porous body structures.

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4
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells performing specific functions in multicellular organisms.

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5
Q

Cnidarian

A

Phylum of aquatic animals with stinging cells, including jellyfish and corals.

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6
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Symmetry where body parts radiate from a central point.

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7
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

A type of symmetry where an organism can be divided into two equal, mirror-image halves.

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8
Q

Protostomes

A

Animals whose mouth develops before the anus during embryonic development.

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9
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms, a phylum of soft-bodied, unsegmented invertebrates with simple organ systems.

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10
Q

Acoelom

A

Organism lacking a true body cavity between the gut and body wall.

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11
Q

Mollusks

A

Diverse phylum of invertebrates with soft bodies and often hard shells.

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12
Q

Annelids

A

Phylum of segmented worms with a coelom and bristle-like structures.

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13
Q

Segmentation and Coelom

A

Division of an organism’s body into repeating, similar segments.
Fluid-filled body cavity in some animals, cushions and supports organs.

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14
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms, a diverse phylum of unsegmented, cylindrical, and parasitic worms.

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15
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

A body cavity partially lined with mesoderm, found in some animals.

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16
Q

Arthropods

A

Diverse phylum of invertebrates, including insects, spiders, and crustaceans.

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17
Q

Deuterostomes

A

A major group of animals where the anus forms before the mouth during embryonic development.

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18
Q

Echinoderms

A

Marine animals with radial symmetry, like sea stars and sea urchins.

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19
Q

Chordates

A

A phylum including animals with a notochord, such as vertebrates.

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20
Q

Parazoa

A

A subkingdom of animals, including sponges, with primitive body organization.

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21
Q

Eumatazoa

A

A subkingdom of animals with true tissues and more complex organization.

22
Q

Asymmetry

A

Lack of a specific, balanced arrangement in an organism’s body.

23
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layer in an embryo, giving rise to internal organs.

24
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer in an embryo, forming muscles and other tissues.

25
Q

Incomplete digestive tract

A

A single opening for both ingestion and egestion.

26
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

A digestive chamber with a single opening, found in some animals.

27
Q

Complete digestive tract

A

Two openings, mouth and anus, for food ingestion and elimination.

28
Q

Segmentation

A

Division of an organism’s body into repeating, similar segments.

29
Q

Sponges

A

Simple, aquatic animals with porous bodies, part of the Porifera phylum.

30
Q

Flagellated

A

Possessing whip-like structures (flagella) for movement or feeding.

31
Q

Mesohyl

A

Gel-like, acellular matrix in the body of sponges, supporting cells.

32
Q

Spongocoel

A

Central cavity in a sponge where water enters for filtration.

33
Q

Osculum

A

Large opening in a sponge through which filtered water exits.

34
Q

Ostia

A

Small pores in a sponge’s body wall for water intake.

35
Q

Lophocyte

A

Specialized cells in sponges responsible for generating collagen fibers.

36
Q

Collenocyte

A

Sponge cells that produce collagen, providing structural support to the organism.

37
Q

Pinacocyte

A

Flat cells on the outer surface of a sponge’s body.

38
Q

oocyte

A

Developing egg cell in a female organism.

39
Q

Amoebocyte

A

Mobile cells in sponges responsible for nutrient transport and more.

40
Q

Sclerocyte

A

Sponge cells that produce hard, mineralized structures for support.

41
Q

Oscula

A

The plural form of “osculum,” which are large openings in sponges for water exit.

42
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

Organism having both male and female reproductive organs.

43
Q

Sperm

A

Male reproductive cells involved in fertilization.

44
Q

Eggs

A

Female reproductive cells, typically larger and non-motile, involved in fertilization.

45
Q

Cnidarians

A

Phylum of aquatic animals with specialized stinging cells (cnidocytes).

46
Q

Medusa

A

A free-swimming, umbrella-shaped form of some cnidarians, like jellyfish.

47
Q

Polyp

A

A sessile, tube-shaped form of some cnidarians, like coral colonies.

48
Q

Nematocyst

A

Specialized stinging organelles found in cnidarians, used for defense and capturing prey.

49
Q

Hydras

A

Tiny, freshwater cnidarians with simple body structures, often resembling polyps.

50
Q

Parasitic

A

Organism that lives off another, often harming its host in the process.