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Nic's Study Sets > Bio. II Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio. II Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual genetic change in species over generations, driving biodiversity and adaptation.

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2
Q

Population

A

A group of interbreeding organisms of the same species in one area.

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3
Q

Gene pool

A

Collective set of genes in a population, influencing genetic diversity.

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3
Q

Genotypic frequencies

A

Quantifies how common a specific genotype is in a sample population.

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4
Q

Allele frequencies

A

Relative occurrence of specific alleles in a population’s gene pool.

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5
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

allele frequencies in a population will not change from generation to generation. THIS CANNOT HAPPEN, BECAUSE EVERYTHING EVOLVES

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6
Q

Natural selection

A

Process where favorable traits enhance an organism’s survival and reproduction.

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7
Q

Adaptation

A

Evolutionary process where traits improve an organism’s fitness in an environment.

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8
Q

Artificial selection

A

Controlled breeding to promote specific traits in domesticated organisms.

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9
Q

Natural selection

A

Mechanism of evolution where advantageous traits increase in a population.

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent alteration in DNA sequence, source of genetic diversity.

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11
Q

Gene flow

A

Exchange of genetic material between interbreeding populations, influencing diversity.

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12
Q

Dispersal agents

A

Organisms or forces aiding in seed or spore distribution.

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13
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance.

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14
Q

Population bottlenecks

A

Drastic reduction in population size, reducing genetic diversity.

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15
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic variation in new population from a small founding group.

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16
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

Mating preferences that affect genotype frequencies within a population.

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17
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Sharp reduction in a population’s size, often due to catastrophe.

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18
Q

Fossil Record

A

Compilation of all known fossils, showing life’s history.

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19
Q

habitats

A

Specific environments where organisms live and interact with their surroundings.

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20
Q

Radiometric

A

Dating method using decay of radioactive isotopes to determine age.

21
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Theory explaining Earth’s crust movement through plates interactions.

22
Q

mantle

A

Earth’s layer beneath the crust, composed of solid, hot rock.

23
Q

Continental drift

A

Hypothesis proposing continents moved over geologic time due to plate tectonics.

24
Q

Pangaea

A

Supercontinent that existed about 335 million years ago, later broke apart.

25
Q

Geological change

A

Alterations in Earth’s structure or features over geological time.

26
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of organisms’ distribution patterns in relation to geographical areas.

27
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environments.

28
Q

analogous structures

A

Different structures in organisms with similar functions, evolved independently.

29
Q

analogous structures

A

Different structures in organisms with similar functions, evolved independently.

30
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in structure or function due to shared evolutionary ancestry.

31
Q

analogy

A

Similarity in function or structure due to convergent evolution, not ancestry.

32
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Organs or features with reduced or no function in present-day organisms.

33
Q

Embryonic development

A

Process from fertilization to birth, forming an organism’s body.

34
Q

Fetal development

A

Growth and maturation of a developing organism during gestation.

35
Q

Molecular clock

A

Estimate of evolutionary time using genetic sequence differences.

36
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Mechanisms preventing interbreeding between different species, maintaining species boundaries.

37
Q

Prezygotic

A

Reproductive barriers preventing formation of hybrid zygotes pre-fertilization.

38
Q

Postzygotic

A

Isolation occurs after the zygote is formed

39
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Formation of new species due to geographic isolation of populations.

40
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Formation of new species in the same geographic area.

41
Q

Extinction

A

Complete disappearance of a species from the Earth’s surface.

42
Q

K-T

A

Geological boundary marking the mass extinction of dinosaurs and more. 65 Million years ago

43
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Diversification of species into various ecological niches from a common ancestor.

44
Q

Cladistics

A

Biological classification based on shared ancestry, emphasizing evolutionary relationships.

45
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

Systematic classification of organisms into ranks or categories.

46
Q

Geographical barrier

A

Physical obstacles or features (e.g., mountains, rivers) that impede gene flow between populations, leading to speciation.

47
Q

Laurasia

A

Ancient supercontinent in the Northern Hemisphere, part of Pangaea’s breakup.

48
Q

Gondwana

A

Ancient supercontinent in the Southern Hemisphere, part of Pangaea’s breakup.

49
Q

Soft-bodied organisms

A

Organisms lacking hard external structures like shells or skeletons. They don’t turn into fossils.

50
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle (Full)

A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle states genetic equilibrium is only possible if all of the following conditions are met:
No mutations are occurring
The population is closed to migration from other populations
The population is infinitely large
All genotypes survive and reproduce equally well
Individuals in the population mate randomly

Nic's Study Sets (15 decks)

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