Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Bio 7- Mass transport > Flashcards

Bio 7- Mass transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to a single molecule of haemoglobin?

A

4 oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does affinity mean?

A

How readily haemoglobin binds to and releases oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does loading/associating mean?

A

Haemoglobin binds with oxygen and this takes place in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does unloading/dissociating mean?

A

Haemoglobin released the oxygen and this takes place in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does it mean if haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen?

A

It binds with oxygen more easily and releases it at the tissues less easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does it mean if haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen?

A

It binds with oxygen less easily and releases it at the tissues more easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the oxygen dissociation curves (4 marks)

A
  • the shape of the haemoglobin molecule makes it hard for the first oxygen to bind, so at low oxygen cones little oxygen binds to haemoglobin
  • binding of the first oxygen molecule changes haemoglobin quaternary shape, this change makes it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind.
  • takes a smaller increase in partial pressure of oxygen to bind the second oxygen molecule compared to the first one
  • It is harder for the 4th oxygen molecule to bind due to probability as there aren’t as many binding sites that are free.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do different haemoglobin’s have different affinities for oxygen?

A

Due to the shape of the molecule. Each species produces a haemoglobin with a slightly different amino acid sequence which means the haemoglobin of each species has a different tertiary and quaternary structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When carbon dioxide conc is increased what is the effect on haemoglobin?

A

haemoglobin more readily releases its oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the process that ensures there is always sufficient oxygen for respiring tissues. (5 marks)

A
  1. The higher the rate of respiration
  2. the more carbon dioxide the tissues produce
  3. the lower the pH
  4. the greater the haemoglobin shape change
  5. the more readily oxygen is unloaded
  6. the more oxygen is available for respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

Where blood is confined to vessels and passes twice through the heart for each complete circuit of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

Between each atrium and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A

They prevent the back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the vessels connecting the heart to the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the aorta and where is it?

A

Its connected to the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body expect the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the vena cave and where is it?

A

Its connected to the right atrium and bring deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the pulmonary artery and where is it?

A

It is connected to the right tentacle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where its oxygen is replenished and its carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pulmonary vein and where is it?

A

Its connected to the left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

The heart muscle is supplied by its own blood vessels called coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the coronary arteries?

A

They branch off the aorta shortly after it leaves the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens in the relaxation of the heart (diastole)?

A

Blood enters atria and ventricles from pulmonary veins and vena cava.

23
Q

Are the semi-lunar valves open or closed in diastole?

A

Closed

24
Q

Are atrioventricular the open or closed in diastole?

A

Open

25
Q

Are the atria relaxed or not during diastole?

A

Relaxed

26
Q

Are the ventricles relaxed or contacting during diastole?

A

Relaxed

27
Q

What happens in the contraction of the atria (atrial systole)?

A

Atria contract to push remaining blood into ventricles

28
Q

Are the semi-lunar valves open or closed during atrial systole?

A

Closed

29
Q

Are the atrioventricular valves open or closed during atrial systole?

A

Open

30
Q

Where is the blood pumped to and from in atrial systole?

A

Blood pumped from atria to ventricles

31
Q

Is the atria contracting or relaxing during atrial systole?

A

Contracting

32
Q

Are the ventricles contracting or relaxing during atrial systole?

A

Relaxing

33
Q

What is happening during contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole)?

A

Blood is pumped into pulmonary arteries and the aorta.

34
Q

Are the semi-lunar valves open or closed during ventricular systole?

A

Open

35
Q

Are the ventricles relaxed or contracting in ventricular systole

A

Contracting

36
Q

Are the atria relaxed or contracting during ventricular systole?

A

Relaxed

37
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A

They are between the atrium and the ventricle and they prevent back flow of blood when contraction of ventricles means that ventricle pressure exceeds atrial pressure.

38
Q

What do the semi-lunar valves do?

A

These are in the aorta and pulmonary artery. They prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles when the pressure in these vessels exceeds that int he ventricles.

39
Q

What do pocket valves do?

A

They are in the veins that occur throughout the venous system . They ensure that when the veins are squeezed blood flows back towards the heart rather than away from it.

40
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Carry blood away from the heart into the arterioles

41
Q

What are the arterioles?

A

They are smaller arteries that control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

42
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny vessels that link arterioles to veins

43
Q

What are veins?

A

They carry blood from capillaries back to the heart

44
Q

Name the basic layered structure of arteries, arterioles and veins from outside inwards.

A
  • tough fibrous outer layer
  • muscle layer
  • elastic layer
  • thin inner lining
  • lumen
45
Q

What does the tough fibrous outer layer do in a blood vessel?

A

It resists pressure changes from both within and outside

46
Q

What is the muscle layer in a blood vessel?

A

A layer that can contract and so control the flow of blood

47
Q

What is the elastic layer in a blood vessel?

A

A layer that helps to maintain blood pressure by stretching and springing back (recoiling)

48
Q

What is the thin inner lining of a blood vessel?

A

A layer that is smooth to reduce friction and thin to allow diffusion

49
Q

What is the lumen in a blood vessel?

A

Its not actually a layer but the central cavity of the blood vessel through which the blood flows

50
Q

In an artery, the muscle layer is thick compared to the veins, why is this?

A

This means smaller arteries can be constricted and dilated in order to control the volume of blood passing through them.

51
Q

In an artery, the elastic layer is thick compared to veins, why?

A

It’s important that blood pressure in the arteries is kept high. The elastic wall stretches and recoils and this helps to maintain high pressure.

52
Q

Why are there no valves in the arteries?

A

Blood is under constant high pressure due to the heart pumping blood into the arteries. It doesn’t tend to back flow.

53
Q

In arterioles the muscle layer is thicker than in arteries, why?

A

The contraction of the muscle layer allows constriction of the lumen. This restricts the flow of blood and controls movement into capillaries

54
Q

In arterioles the elastic layer is thinner than In the arteries, why?

A

The blood pressure is lower

Biology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions