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Biology > Bio 16 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

Bio 16 - Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

Regulate the water potential of blood

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2
Q

Why does osmoregulation need to happen?

A

Water is lost in sweat and urea so the water potential needs to be regulated

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3
Q

If the water potential of the blood is too low then what happens ?

A

More water is reabsorbed by osmosis into the blood from the tubules of the nephrons. Urine more concentrated so less water lost

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4
Q

What happens if the water potential of blood is too high?

A

less water is reabsorbed by osmosis into the blood from the tubules of the nephrons. Urine more dilute so more water lost.

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5
Q

Where does the regulation of water potential happen?

A

In the loop oh Henle, DCT and collecting duct

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6
Q

What is the reabsorption of water in the DCT and collecting duct controlled by?

A

hormones

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7
Q

The water potential of blood is monitored by what?

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

What does ADH do?

A

It makes walls of DCT and collecting duct more permeable to water

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9
Q

Explain what happens when the water potential of blood decreases. ( 5 steps)

A
  1. Water will move out of the osmoreceptors cells by osmosis
  2. cells decrease in volume
  3. sends signals to the hypothalamus then to the posterior pituitary gland which releases the hormone ADH.
  4. ADH makes the walls of DCT and collecting duct more permeable
  5. More water reabsorbed from tubules into the medulla and into the blood. A small amount of conc urine is produced so less water is lost from the body.
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10
Q

What happens to blood ADH levels when you are dehydrated?

A

The levels rise

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11
Q

What happens to blood ADH levels when you are hydrated

A

The levels fall

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12
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Long tubules along with the bundle of capillaries where the blood is filtered

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13
Q

When does selective reabsorption take place?

A

As the glomerulus filtrate flows along the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) through the loop of Henle and along the DCT

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14
Q

What does each arteriole split into?

A

A glomerulus

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15
Q

What is a Bowman’s capsule?

A

A bundle of capillaries looped inside a hollow ball

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16
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place?

A

In the Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

What is the afferent arteriole?

A

The arteriole that takes blood into each glomerulus

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18
Q

What is the efferent arteriole?

A

the arteriole that takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus

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19
Q

Which arteriole is smaller in diameter?

A

The efferent arteriole

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20
Q

What does high blood pressure do?

A

Forces liquid and small molecules in the blood out of the capillary and into the Bowen’s capsule

21
Q

What is glomerular filtrate?

A

Substances that enter the Bowen’s capsule

22
Q

What does the OCT have to help reabsorption of useful materials?

A

The epithelium of the wall of the PCT has microvilli to provide a large surface area for the reabsorption of useful materials from the glomerular filtrate into the blood

23
Q

How are useful solutes reabsorbed along the PCT?

A

By active transport and facilitated diffusion

24
Q

Why does water enter the blood by osmosis ?

A

The water potential of the blood is lower than that of the filtrate

25
Q

What is urine made up of?

A
  • water
  • dissolved salts
  • urea
  • hormones, vitamins
26
Q

What does urine not contain?

A
  • proteins
  • blood cells
  • glucose
27
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

The immune system attacks B cells in the isle of langerhans so they cannot produce insulin

28
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

After eating when the blood glucose levels rise and stay high.
Kidneys can’t reabsorb all the glucose so some is recreated into the urine

29
Q

What is type 1 diabetes treated with?

A

Insulin therapy, some people have an insulin pump

30
Q

When does type 2 diabetes occur?

A

Occurs when B cells don’t produce enough insulin or when the body doesn’t respond properly to insulin

31
Q

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

A

To excreted waste products like urea and regulate the water potential of blood

32
Q

What happens in ultrafiltration?

A

As blood passes through the capillaries in the cortex of the kidneys, substances are filtered out of the blood and into long tubules that surround the capillaries

33
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of a stable internal environment

34
Q

What happens when body temp gets too high?

A

Enzymes denature, the enzyme molecules vibrate too much which breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold them in the 3D shape and the active site is changed

35
Q

What happens when blood pH gets too low or high?

A

Enzymes denature, the hydrogen bonds that hold them in their 3D shape are broken and the active site is changed

36
Q

If blood glucose concentration is too high what happens?

A

The water potential of blood is reduced to a point where water molecules diffuse out of cells into the body by osmosis and this can cause a cell by osmosis.

37
Q

What happens when blood glucose is too low?

A

Cells are unable to carry out normal activities because there isn’t enough glucose for respiration to provide energy.

38
Q

What happens in positive feedback?

A

The effectors respond to further increase the level away from the normal level.

39
Q

When is positive feedback useful?

A

To rapidly activate something

40
Q

Where is glucagon and insulin secreted?

A

the islets of Langerhans (clusters of cells in the pancreas)

41
Q

What does insulin do ?

A

lowers blood glucose conc when its too high

42
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose?

A
  • Insulin binds to specific receptors on cell surface membrane of liver cells and muscle cells. It increases the permeability of the muscle cell membrane to glucose so cells take up more glucose
  • activates enzymes in liver and muscle cells that convert glucose to glycogen
43
Q

What does glucagon do to blood glucose?

A

Glucagon raised blood glucose conc when its too low

44
Q

How does glucagon lower blood glucose levels?

A
  • Glucagon binds to specific receptors on the cell membrane of liver cells
  • it activates enzymes in liver cells that break down glucagon to glucose
45
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breaking down glycogen

46
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

Forming glucose from non-carbohydrates

47
Q

Where is adrenaline secreted from?

A

adrenal glands

48
Q

When is adrenaline secreted?

A

When theres a low conc of glucose in your blood

49
Q

How does adrenaline increase your blood glucose conc?

A

Adrenaline binds to receptors in cell membrane of liver cell.
It activates glycogenolysis
It inhibits glycogenesis

Biology (15 decks)

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