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Biology > Bio 5- Cell recognition and the immune system > Flashcards

Bio 5- Cell recognition and the immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

An inactive form of a pathogen?attenuated pathogen

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2
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When a disease rapidly spread in one country

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3
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

When a rapid disease spreads in lots of countries

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4
Q

What is antigenic variability?

A

When viruses can change their antigens. It’s why we can suffer from infectious diseases more than once

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5
Q

List 4 types of people encouraged to have a flu vaccine?

A
  • elderly
  • pregnant women
  • people with chronic
  • those immunocompromised
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6
Q

What is immunity?

A

When your body is able to fight off the pathogen before it effects you

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7
Q

What’s a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that passes a disease

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8
Q

List 4 non-specific way the body prevents pathogens from entering the body

A
  • skin acts as a barrier
  • mucus
  • ear wax
  • hairs in the nose.
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9
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A

To target specific substances/cells

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10
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B cells

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11
Q

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to target cancer cells

A

1) cancer cells have antigens called tumour markers and these are not found on normal body cells
2) monoclonal antibodies are made to bind to tumour markers
3) Anti-cancer drugs can also attach
4) when antibodies come in contact cancer cells they will bind to the tumour markers
5) the drug would only accumulate in the body when there are caner cells

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12
Q

What is HCG?

A

a hormone thats found in the urine of pregnant women

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13
Q

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in pregnancy tests.

A

1) the application area contains antibodies for HCG bound to a coloured bead
2) When urine is applied to the area any HCG will bind to the antibody, forming an antigen-antigen complex
3) urine moves up the test stick carrying beads with it
4) A test strip contains antibodies to HCG that are stuck in place
5) if there is HCG present the test strip turns blue because the immobilised antibody binds to any HCG.

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14
Q

What is the ELISA test?

A

A medical diagnostic test that uses antibodies which allows you to see if a patient has any antibodies to a certain antigen

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15
Q

How does the ELISA test work?

A

An antibody is used which has an enzyme attached to it. The enzyme can react with a substate to produce a coloured product. If theres a colour change then the antibody/antigen is present.

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16
Q

What is direct ELISA?

A

Uses a single antibody that is complementary to the antigen

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17
Q

What is indirect ELISA?

A

Uses two different antibodies

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18
Q

Explain phagocytosis? (5 marks)

A

1) A phagocyte recognises the foreign antigens on a pathogen
2) The cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves round the pathogen, engulfing it
3) the pathogen is now contained in a phagocytic vacuole in the cytoplasm
4) a lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole. The lysosomes break down the pathogen
5) the phagocyte then presents the pathogen’s antigens, it sticks the antigens on its surface to activate other immune systems cells

19
Q

What do phagocytes activate?

A

T-cells

20
Q

What is a T-cell?

A

a type of white blood cell.

21
Q

What do helper T cells release?

A

Chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes, B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

22
Q

What do cyctoxic T-cells do?

A

Kill abnormal and foreign cells

23
Q

Name two things that T cells release?

A
  • T-helper cells

- B-cells

24
Q

What are B-cells?

A

A type of white blood cell. They are covered with antibodies

25
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex.

26
Q

What do B-cells divide into?

A

Plasma cells

27
Q

What do plasma cells make?

A

Make more antibodies to a specific antigen

28
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

They are clones of B-cells

29
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are specific to the antigen

30
Q

Why can antibodies bind to two pathogens at the same time?

A

Because they have two binding sites

31
Q

What Is agglutination?

A

When pathogens become clumped together

32
Q

What are the two immune responses?

A
  • cellular

- humoral

33
Q

What is cellular response?

A

When the T-cells and other immune system cells that they interact with from the cellular response

34
Q

What is humeral response?

A

When B-cells, clonal selection and the production of monoclonal antibodies form the humeral response

35
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus that affects the immune system which eventually leads to AIDS

36
Q

What is AIDS?

A

A condition where the immune system deteriorates and eventually fails

37
Q

How does HIV work?

A

HIV infects T-helper cells which act as the host cells for the virus. Without enough T-helper cells the immune system is unable to mount an effective response to infections because other immune system cells don’t behave how they should

38
Q

What does the core of HIV contain?

A

Genetic material and some proteins

39
Q

What is the capsid in the structure of HIV?

A

An outer coating of protein

40
Q

What is the envelope in the structure of HIV?

A

An extra layer which is made of membrane stolen from the cell membrane of a previous host cell

41
Q

What are attachment proteins in the structure of HIV?

A

They help HIV attach to the host T-helper cell

42
Q

Explain why antibiotics don’t work again viruses. (3marks)

A

1) antibiotics kill bacteria by interfering with their metabolic reactions and they target bacterial enzymes and ribosome
2) Bacterial enzymes and ribosomes are different from human enzymes and ribosomes and antibiotics are only designed to target the bacterial ones
3) Viruses don’t have their own enzymes and ribosomes so they use the ones in the host cells which are human ones. So antibiotics cannot inhibit them

43
Q

What are antiviral drugs used for in HIV?

A

They are used to slow down the progression of HIV infections and AIDS

Biology (15 decks)

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