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Biology > Bio 14 - Response to stimuli > Flashcards

Bio 14 - Response to stimuli Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A delectable change in the interval or external environment of an organism which leads to a response

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2
Q

What is a stimulus detected by?

A

Receptors

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3
Q

What is a response produced by?

A

Effector

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4
Q

What is the sequence of events that leads to a response?

A

Stimulus, Receptor, Sensory neurone, Coordinator, Motor Neurone, Effector, Response

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5
Q

What Is a taxis?

A

A response whose direction is determined by a direction of the stimulus

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6
Q

What is a positive phototaxis?

A

Move towards the light

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7
Q

What is a negative photo taxis?

A

Move away from the light

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8
Q

What is a positive chemotaxis?

A

move towards chemicals eg. bacteria move towards area of high glucose concentration

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9
Q

What is kinesis?

A

response where organisms change speed and direction

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10
Q

What is an example of a kinesis?

A

Woodlice would move fast in a light and dry area to get to a damp and dark area

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11
Q

What is tropism?

A

the growth of a plant in response to a directional stimulus

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12
Q

What is positive phototropism?

A

Plant shoot grows towards light

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13
Q

What is negative phototropism?

A

Plant roots grow away from the light

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14
Q

What is negative gravitropic?

A

Plant shoots grow away from gravity

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15
Q

What is positive gravitropism?

A

plant roots grow towards gravity

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16
Q

What is positive hydrotopic?

A

Plant roots grow towards water

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17
Q

Describe phototropism in flowering plants.

A
  1. Cells in tip of shoot produce IAA. IAA transported evenly throughout all regions as it begins to move down the shoot
  2. Light causes IAA movement from light to shaded side
  3. IAA causes elongation, theres an increased conc of IAA on shaded side so that elongates more
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18
Q

Explain gravitropism sin flowering plants

A
  1. Cells in tip of root produce IAA
  2. IAA transported everywhere
  3. Gravity influence movement of IAA from upper side to lower side
  4. More IAA on the lower side
  5. IAA inhabits elongation of root cells so the lower side elongates less
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19
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Made up of nerves that originate from either the brain or spinal cord

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21
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divide up into?

A
  • sensory neurones

- motor neurones

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22
Q

What are sensory neurones?

A

Carry nerve impulses from receptors towards the CNS

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23
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to the effectors

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24
Q

What are motor neurones subdivided into?

A
  • voluntary nervous system

- autonomic nervous system

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25
Q

What is the voluntary nervous system?

A

Carries nerve impulses to body muscles and is under voluntary control

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26
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Carriers nerve impulses to glands. smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and isn’t under voluntary control.

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27
Q

What is the response like in the reflex arc?

A

rapid, short lived, localised and involuntary

28
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary response to a sensory stimulus

29
Q

List three features of a sensory neurone as illustrated by the Pacinian Corpuscle

A
  • specific to a single type of stimulus
  • produces a generator potential by acting as a transducer
  • receptors convert/transduce one form of energy into another
30
Q

What does the Pacinian Corpuscle do?

A

they respond to mechanical stimuli like pressure

31
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscle?

A

occur deep in the skin, most abundant on fingers, feet and genitalia

32
Q

What is at the centre of a pacinian corpuscle?

A

a sensory neurone

33
Q

Whats the functions of the Pacinian corpuscle?

A
  • in its normal stay the stretch mediated sodium channels of membrane around the neurone are too narrow to allow Na+ to pass
  • when pressure is applied its deformed
  • stretching widens the Na channels so Na+ diffuse into neurone
34
Q

What are the two types of light receptor cells in the retina?

A

Rod cells and cone cells

35
Q

What sis there more of: Tod cells or cone cells?

A

Theres a greater number of rod cells than cone cells

36
Q

Are cone cells or rod cells distributed more at the periphery of the retina?

A

Rod cells

37
Q

Are cone cells or rod cells more concentrated at the fovea?

A

Cone cells

38
Q

Do rod cells or cone cells have better visual acuity?

A

Cone cells give good visual acuity

39
Q

Are cone cells or rod cells sensitive to low intensity light?

A

Rod cells are sensitive to low intensity light

40
Q

What does IAA do?

A

IAA increases the plants plasticity , ability to stretch, of cell walls.

41
Q

The amount of light that enters your eye is controlled by what?

A

muscles in the iris

42
Q

What is the fovea?

A

an area of the retina where there’s lots of photoreceptors

43
Q

What is a blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve leave the eye because there aren’t any photoreceptor cells

44
Q

Nerve impulses from the photoreceptors are carried where?

A

From the retina to the brain by optic nerve , a bundle of cells.

45
Q

What do photoreceptors do?

A

Convert light into electrical impulses

46
Q

When light enters the eye and hits the photoreceptors what is it absorbed by?

A

It’s absorbed by light-sensitive optical pigments

47
Q

What happens that alters the membrane permeability to sodium ions?

A

Light bleaches the light-sensitive optical pigments

48
Q

When is a nerve impulse sent along a bipolar neurone?

A

When a generator potential is created and it reaches the threshold

49
Q

What are bipolar receptors?

A

They connect photoreceptors to the optic nerve

50
Q

How are rod and cone cells sensitive to different wavelengths of light?

A

The contain different optical pigments

51
Q

Do rod cells or cone cells give info in black and white?

A

Rod cells give info in black and white and cone cells give it in colour

52
Q

Which are more sensitive, rods or cones?

A

Rods are more sensitive but cones let you see in more detail

53
Q

Why are rods more sensitive to light?

A

Many rods join one neurone so many weak generator potentials combine to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential

54
Q

Why are cones less sensitive?

A

One cone joins one neurone so it takes more light to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential

55
Q

Why d robs give low visual acuity?

A

Because many rods join the same neurone and light from 2 points close together cannot be told apart

56
Q

Why do cones give a higher visual acuity?

A

Cones are close together and one cone joins one neurone. Lights from 2 points hits 2 cones, 2 action potentials go to the brain.

57
Q

Where does the process of heart rate control start?

A

The process starts in the sinoatrial node (SAN) which is in the wall of the right atrium

58
Q

What muscles control the regular beating of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscles

59
Q

What is the SAN similar to?

A

a pacemaker

60
Q

Why is the SAN similar to a pacemaker?

A

it sets the rhythm of the heartbeat by sending out waves of electrical activity

61
Q

What prevents the waves of electrical activity from being passed directly from atria to ventricles?

A

A band of non-conducting collagen tissue

62
Q

Where are electrical impulses from the SAN passed onto?

A

the atrioventricular node (AVN)

63
Q

What is the AVN responsible for?

A

passing waves of electrical activity on the bundle of his

64
Q

Why is there a slight delay between the AVN passing the waves of electrical activity on the bundle of his?

A

to make sure the fibres in the right and left ventricle have empties before the ventricles contract

65
Q

What does the bundle of his split into?

A

it splits into finer muscle fibres in the right and left ventricle walls called the Purkyne tissue

66
Q

what does the purine tissue do ?

A

It carries waves of electrical activity into the muscular walls of the right and left atrium causing them to interact simultaneously

Biology (15 decks)

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