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Biology > Bio 3- Cell structure > Flashcards

Bio 3- Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the equation for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / actual size

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2
Q

Explain the process of centrifuge.

A
  • tissue is cut up and kept in a cold buffered solution
  • tissue further broken up in a homogeniser
  • Homogenised tissue is spun in an ultracentrifuge at low speed
  • Heaviest thing goes to the top and is removed
  • Tissue spun again at higher speeds until desired cell is seperated
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3
Q

How does a TEM work?

A
  • Produces beam of electrons that is focused onto the specimen.
  • A beam passes through a thin section of the specimen
  • Image produced on a screen
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4
Q

Can living things be used in a TEM, give a reason.

A

Whole system uses a vacuum so living things can’t be observed

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5
Q

How does SEM work?

A

Directs a beam of electrons on the surface of the specimen.

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6
Q

List three differences between SEM and TEM.

A
  • SEM has lower resolving power than TEM
  • SEM is 10x more powerful than a TEM
  • Specimen in SEM don’t have to be thin like in a TEM
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7
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Its the site for aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What organelle carries out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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9
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

3D system of sheet-like membranes in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum

- smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

What’s the function of the endoplasmic reticlum?

A

To transport synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus

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12
Q

What are Golgi apparatus made up of?

A

A stack of membranes which form flattened seas called cisternae, which contain hollow structures called vesicles

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13
Q

What do cisternae contain?

A

Hollow structures called vesicles.

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14
Q

Is the Golgi apparatus found in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

Whats the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Produces secretary vesicles

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16
Q

When are lysosomes found.

A

When the Golgi apparatus vesicles contain protease + lipids.

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17
Q

What are lysozymes.

A

enzymes that hydrolyse the cell wall.

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18
Q

What’s the function of lysosomes.

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes

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19
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

The cytoplasm

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20
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

8Os - found in eukaryotic cells

7Os - found in prokaryotic cells

21
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

22
Q

What makes the cell wall strong?

A

Microfibrils

23
Q

Name 2 features of the cell wall.

A
  • lots of polysaccarides

- thin layer called middt lamella that makes a boundary

24
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialised in order to perform a specific function.

25
Q

Nucelar envelope : eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

26
Q

Cell wall : eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

27
Q

Ribosomes : eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

28
Q

Plasmid: eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

29
Q

Cell-surface membrane : eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

30
Q

Mitochondria: eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

31
Q

How do bacterial cells protect themselves?

A

by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around wall.

32
Q

How do bacterial cells store food?

A

They store food reserves as glycogen granules and oil droplets

33
Q

Does a virus contain DNA or RNA?

A

It contains both

34
Q

When can a virus multiply?

A

Inside living host cells.

35
Q

What are viruses surrounded by?

A

A lipid envelope

36
Q

What is attached to lipid proteins/ capsid?

A

Attachment proteins

37
Q

What do attachment proteins do?

A

Allow the virus to identify and attach to a host cell.

38
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Division of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of the DNA of each parent cell.

39
Q

What phase does DNA replication happen in?

A

Interphase

40
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes first become visible

- Spindle fibres develop

41
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibres arrange themselves across the equator of the cell
42
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids apart and pulled to opposite polls of the cell
43
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • chromatids reached their respective poles

- nuclear envelope and nucleolus re-form.

44
Q

In the cell cycle, does division happen in interphase?

A

No

45
Q

What is cancer?

A

The result of damage to the genes that regulate mitosis which leads to uncontrolled growth + cell division

46
Q

What two things effect the rate of mitosis?

A
  • the cells environment

- growth factors

47
Q

How are cancer cells killed?

A

A part of the cell cycle is blocked and disrupted therefore cancer growth stops

48
Q

How do they disrupt the cell cycle?

A
  • preventing DNA replication

- inhibiting metaphase stage, interfering with spindle fibre formation

Biology (15 decks)

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