Bio 1- Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
What do inorganic compounds contain?
A
Sodium, potassium or chloride ions
2
Q
What are organic compounds?
A
Biological molecules which always contain carbon.
3
Q
Name 3 organic molecules in living organisms.
A
- Glucose
- DNA
- Protein
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
4
Q
What is metabolism?
A
All the chemical processes/reactions that take place in living organisms
5
Q
Name 4 examples of metabolic reactions.
A
- Respiration
- Photosynthesis
- Digestion
- DNA replication
6
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Clusters of atoms held together by bonds.
7
Q
What are the 4 things that a property of a molecule depend on?
A
- atoms that are present and how they are bonded to the other atom
- strength of bond between atoms
- shape of molecule
- bonding between one molecule and another
8
Q
Why is water a polar molecule?
A
- oxygen atoms contain more protons (+) than hydrogen atoms
- the shared electrons in the bond are pulled slightly more towards the oxygen atom
- creates a slight separation of charge
- oxygen atom has a slight negative charge (electronegative)
- the hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge
- it has a positive and a negative end
9
Q
What bond forms in a water molecule?
A
A hydrogen bond
10
Q
Why do water molecules stick together?
A
Because of the hydrogen bonds between them.
11
Q
Do polar molecules dissolve in water?
A
Yes
12
Q
Name 3 biologically important polar molecules that dissolve in water?
A
- Salt
- Amino acids
- Glucose
- Vitamins
13
Q
What is a monomer?
A
A single repeating unit joined by bonds to form a polymer
14
Q
What is the bond present in a primary structure?
A
Peptide bonds between the amino acids
15
Q
What is the primary structure determined by?
A
Bases of DNA
16
Q
What is a secondary structure like?
A
- folded, beta pleated sheet
- coiled to give an alpha helix
17
Q
What bonds are present in a secondary structure?
A
Hydrogen bonds
18
Q
What is a tertiary structure like?
A
- the secondary structure twisted and coiled again
- compact
- 3D
19
Q
What 3 bonds are present in the tertiary structure?
A
- ionic bonds
- hydrogen bonds
- disulphide bonds
20
Q
Whats a quaternary structure like?
A
Contains four polypeptides
21
Q
Whats an example of a molecule with a secondary structure?
A
Keratin (hair)
22
Q
Whats an example of a tertiary structure?
A
Antibodies
23
Q
Whats an example of a quaternary structure?
A
Haemoglobin
24
Q
What’s an example of a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels?
A
Insulin
25
Whats an example of a contractile that can be contacted in muscles to allow movement?
Myosin
26
Whats an example of an enzyme that breaks down amylase?
Amylase
27
Whats an example of a structural that's strong so it keeps the structural for skin, tendons and blood vessel walls?
Collagen
28
Whats an example o transport that transports oxygen around the body in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
29
What's an example of an immunity that produces antigens to fight off pathogens?
Antibodies
30
What are 3 qualities of a globular proteins?
- compact and coiled shape
- hydrophobic groups on inside
- hydrophilic groups on the outside
31
Are globular proteins soluble?
Yes
32
Name 2 example of a globular proteins.
- Enzymes
| - Haemoglobin
33
What are 3 qualities of a fibrous protein?
- long, parallel
- linked by disulphide cross bridges
- proteins are strong, stable but flexible
34
Are fibrous proteins soluble?
No
35
Name 2 examples of fibrous proteins.
- Collagen
| - Elastin
36
Compare the lock and key to the induced fit model
- In lock and key, the substrate is complementary to the active site but in the induced fit model the substrate isn't complementary to the active sit
- In the lock and key, the active sit is rigid with a fixed shape but in the induced fit model its flexible
- in the lock and key, the active site doesn't change shape but in the induced fit model the substarte induces a change in the shape of the enzyme and an E-S complex forms.
37
What are the 4 factors the rate of enzyme activity depends on?
- pH
- Temperature
- Concentration of enzyme
- Concentration of substrate
38
How does competitive inhibition work?
- inhibitor has a similar shape as the substrate
- inhibitor is able to bind to the active site
- competes with substrate for the active site
- increasing the concentration of the substrate will reduce the effect of the inhibitor
39
How does non - competitive inhibition work?
- inhibitor binds to the enzyme at another site
- this distrots the enzyme and the active site so the normal substarte cannot bind to the active site
- inhibitor has indirect effect on the enzyme
- increasing substrate concentration will not decrease effect of inhibitor.
40
How does immobilising enzymes work?
- enzymes can be immobilised by fixing them to a solid surface so the enzymes don't move
- substrate enters at the top and flows through
- comes in contact with enzyme trapped in pellets
- flow rate is adjusted using the tap at the bottom
41
What are 3 advantages of immobilising enzymes compared to just mixing the two products?
- Product easily separated from enzyme at end of reaction
- greater thermal stability of enzymes
- reaction can take place at high temps which increases productivity
42
What are the two isomers of glucose?
Alpha Glucose
| Beta Glucose
43
Whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
The hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group are the opposite way around on the Cl atom
44
What's the biological significance of having two slightly different forms of glucose?
Biological variety
45
What are 2 reasons why water is so important?
- it's a metabolite in reactions like hydrolysis and condensation
- cell's metabolic reactions occur in aqueous solutions
46
What does cohesions between water molecules produce?
Surface tension
47
What can surface tension create?
A solid like surface
48
Do hydrophilic substances dissolve in water?
Yes and can become part of water's hydrogen -bonded struture
49
Do hydrophobic substances dissolve in water?
No and they cannot become part of water's hydrogen-bonded structure
50
Which one dissolves in water: ions or polar molecules
Both
51
How does a colorimeter work?
1. Specific wavelength of light is passed through a sample; some light transmitted and some absorbed.
2. Measures how much light is absorbed
3. Distilled water is used as a 'blank'; its colourless so transmits 100% of the light so the observance is zero.
52
What are the polysaccarides of maltose?
Glucose and glucose
53
What are the polysaccharides of sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
54
What are the polysaccharides of lactose?
Galactose and glucose
55
What's the reaction when two monosaccharies join together?
Condensation reaction
56
When are polysaccharides formed?
When many identical monosaccharides join together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction
57
List 4 physical properties of polysaccharides.
- not sweet
- large molecules
- insoluble
- non-crystalline
58
List 3 chemical properties of polysaccharides.
- have zero osmotic effect
- can be hydrolysed into constituent monosaccharides
- all non reducing sugars
59
List 3 examples of polysaccharies
- cellulose
- glycogen
- starch
60
What are 5 roles of lipids in living organisms?
- An energy store
- Waterproofing e.g water proofing
- thermal insulation
- electrical insulation
- protection e.g vital organs protected by fat
61
What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between the carbon atoms but saturatrd fatty acids don't.
62
What are two similarities between phospholipids and triglycerides?
1. both contain fatty acids
| 2. both contain glycerol
63
What are two difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?
1. triglycerides have 3 fatty acids but phospholipids only have 2
2. phospholipids have a phosphate group attached to glycerol but triglycerides dont.
64
What are 4 properties and functions of starch?
- It insoluble, it doesn't effect water potential
- It's a large molecule, it doesn't diffuse out of cells
- It's compact, so a lot of it can be stored in small spaces
- It can be hydrolised and forms alpha-glucose which is easily transported and used in respiration
65
What glucose isomer is glycogen made of?
Alpha glucose
66
What are two properties of glycogen's strcuture that make it a suitable molecule.
- It's insoluble so it doesn't allow osmosis
| - It's compact so a lot of it can be stored in small space
67
What's the significance of branches in glycogen for animals?
- larger surface area means enzymes have more area to act on
- animals have a high metabolic rte so are more active
68
What isomer of glucose is cellulose?
Beta glucose
69
What bonds form cross-linkages between adjacent chains in cellulose
Hydrogen bonds
70
What gives cellulose its strength and rigidity?
Large number of hydrogen bonds
71
What forms microfibrils?
Chains of cellulose molecules
72
Bundles of microfibrils are grouped together to make what?
Macro-fibrils
73
What are 4 functions of cellulose
- chains of cellulose molecules form microfibrils
- bundles of microfibrils are grouped together to make macro-fibrils
- cellulose is a major constituent of the cell wall in plant cells
- provides strength and rigidity
- provides an inward an inward force, prevents the cell form bursting which maintains turgor
74
List 6 examples of proteins in living organsims
- enzymes
- antibodies
- hormones
- structural components of tissue
- transport
- carrier molecules
75
How many different amino acids are there?
20
76
What reaction is formed when a dipeptide is formed?
A condensation formed
77
What bond is formed when two amino acids are joined together?
Peptide bond
78
What two groups is the bond formed between?
Carboxyl group and amine group
79
What happens to a dipeptide during a hydrolysis reaction?
It breaks down
80
Whats the group of enzymes called that catalyse the hydrolysis of dipeptide into its constituent amino acids?
Dipeptidase
