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Biology > Bio 1- Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Bio 1- Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What do inorganic compounds contain?

A

Sodium, potassium or chloride ions

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2
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Biological molecules which always contain carbon.

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3
Q

Name 3 organic molecules in living organisms.

A
  • Glucose
  • DNA
  • Protein
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
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4
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical processes/reactions that take place in living organisms

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5
Q

Name 4 examples of metabolic reactions.

A
  • Respiration
  • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion
  • DNA replication
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6
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Clusters of atoms held together by bonds.

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7
Q

What are the 4 things that a property of a molecule depend on?

A
  1. atoms that are present and how they are bonded to the other atom
  2. strength of bond between atoms
  3. shape of molecule
  4. bonding between one molecule and another
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8
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A
  • oxygen atoms contain more protons (+) than hydrogen atoms
  • the shared electrons in the bond are pulled slightly more towards the oxygen atom
  • creates a slight separation of charge
  • oxygen atom has a slight negative charge (electronegative)
  • the hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge
  • it has a positive and a negative end
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9
Q

What bond forms in a water molecule?

A

A hydrogen bond

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10
Q

Why do water molecules stick together?

A

Because of the hydrogen bonds between them.

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11
Q

Do polar molecules dissolve in water?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Name 3 biologically important polar molecules that dissolve in water?

A
  • Salt
  • Amino acids
  • Glucose
  • Vitamins
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13
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A single repeating unit joined by bonds to form a polymer

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14
Q

What is the bond present in a primary structure?

A

Peptide bonds between the amino acids

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15
Q

What is the primary structure determined by?

A

Bases of DNA

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16
Q

What is a secondary structure like?

A
  • folded, beta pleated sheet

- coiled to give an alpha helix

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17
Q

What bonds are present in a secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

What is a tertiary structure like?

A
  • the secondary structure twisted and coiled again
  • compact
  • 3D
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19
Q

What 3 bonds are present in the tertiary structure?

A
  • ionic bonds
  • hydrogen bonds
  • disulphide bonds
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20
Q

Whats a quaternary structure like?

A

Contains four polypeptides

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21
Q

Whats an example of a molecule with a secondary structure?

A

Keratin (hair)

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22
Q

Whats an example of a tertiary structure?

A

Antibodies

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23
Q

Whats an example of a quaternary structure?

A

Haemoglobin

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24
Q

What’s an example of a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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25
Q

Whats an example of a contractile that can be contacted in muscles to allow movement?

A

Myosin

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26
Q

Whats an example of an enzyme that breaks down amylase?

A

Amylase

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27
Q

Whats an example of a structural that’s strong so it keeps the structural for skin, tendons and blood vessel walls?

A

Collagen

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28
Q

Whats an example o transport that transports oxygen around the body in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

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29
Q

What’s an example of an immunity that produces antigens to fight off pathogens?

A

Antibodies

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30
Q

What are 3 qualities of a globular proteins?

A
  • compact and coiled shape
  • hydrophobic groups on inside
  • hydrophilic groups on the outside
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31
Q

Are globular proteins soluble?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Name 2 example of a globular proteins.

A
  • Enzymes

- Haemoglobin

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33
Q

What are 3 qualities of a fibrous protein?

A
  • long, parallel
  • linked by disulphide cross bridges
  • proteins are strong, stable but flexible
34
Q

Are fibrous proteins soluble?

A

No

35
Q

Name 2 examples of fibrous proteins.

A
  • Collagen

- Elastin

36
Q

Compare the lock and key to the induced fit model

A
  • In lock and key, the substrate is complementary to the active site but in the induced fit model the substrate isn’t complementary to the active sit
  • In the lock and key, the active sit is rigid with a fixed shape but in the induced fit model its flexible
  • in the lock and key, the active site doesn’t change shape but in the induced fit model the substarte induces a change in the shape of the enzyme and an E-S complex forms.
37
Q

What are the 4 factors the rate of enzyme activity depends on?

A
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Concentration of enzyme
  • Concentration of substrate
38
Q

How does competitive inhibition work?

A
  • inhibitor has a similar shape as the substrate
  • inhibitor is able to bind to the active site
  • competes with substrate for the active site
  • increasing the concentration of the substrate will reduce the effect of the inhibitor
39
Q

How does non - competitive inhibition work?

A
  • inhibitor binds to the enzyme at another site
  • this distrots the enzyme and the active site so the normal substarte cannot bind to the active site
  • inhibitor has indirect effect on the enzyme
  • increasing substrate concentration will not decrease effect of inhibitor.
40
Q

How does immobilising enzymes work?

A
  • enzymes can be immobilised by fixing them to a solid surface so the enzymes don’t move
  • substrate enters at the top and flows through
  • comes in contact with enzyme trapped in pellets
  • flow rate is adjusted using the tap at the bottom
41
Q

What are 3 advantages of immobilising enzymes compared to just mixing the two products?

A
  • Product easily separated from enzyme at end of reaction
  • greater thermal stability of enzymes
  • reaction can take place at high temps which increases productivity
42
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha Glucose

Beta Glucose

43
Q

Whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group are the opposite way around on the Cl atom

44
Q

What’s the biological significance of having two slightly different forms of glucose?

A

Biological variety

45
Q

What are 2 reasons why water is so important?

A
  • it’s a metabolite in reactions like hydrolysis and condensation
  • cell’s metabolic reactions occur in aqueous solutions
46
Q

What does cohesions between water molecules produce?

A

Surface tension

47
Q

What can surface tension create?

A

A solid like surface

48
Q

Do hydrophilic substances dissolve in water?

A

Yes and can become part of water’s hydrogen -bonded struture

49
Q

Do hydrophobic substances dissolve in water?

A

No and they cannot become part of water’s hydrogen-bonded structure

50
Q

Which one dissolves in water: ions or polar molecules

A

Both

51
Q

How does a colorimeter work?

A
  1. Specific wavelength of light is passed through a sample; some light transmitted and some absorbed.
  2. Measures how much light is absorbed
  3. Distilled water is used as a ‘blank’; its colourless so transmits 100% of the light so the observance is zero.
52
Q

What are the polysaccarides of maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

53
Q

What are the polysaccharides of sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

54
Q

What are the polysaccharides of lactose?

A

Galactose and glucose

55
Q

What’s the reaction when two monosaccharies join together?

A

Condensation reaction

56
Q

When are polysaccharides formed?

A

When many identical monosaccharides join together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

57
Q

List 4 physical properties of polysaccharides.

A
  • not sweet
  • large molecules
  • insoluble
  • non-crystalline
58
Q

List 3 chemical properties of polysaccharides.

A
  • have zero osmotic effect
  • can be hydrolysed into constituent monosaccharides
  • all non reducing sugars
59
Q

List 3 examples of polysaccharies

A
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
  • starch
60
Q

What are 5 roles of lipids in living organisms?

A
  • An energy store
  • Waterproofing e.g water proofing
  • thermal insulation
  • electrical insulation
  • protection e.g vital organs protected by fat
61
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between the carbon atoms but saturatrd fatty acids don’t.

62
Q

What are two similarities between phospholipids and triglycerides?

A
  1. both contain fatty acids

2. both contain glycerol

63
Q

What are two difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?

A
  1. triglycerides have 3 fatty acids but phospholipids only have 2
  2. phospholipids have a phosphate group attached to glycerol but triglycerides dont.
64
Q

What are 4 properties and functions of starch?

A
  • It insoluble, it doesn’t effect water potential
  • It’s a large molecule, it doesn’t diffuse out of cells
  • It’s compact, so a lot of it can be stored in small spaces
  • It can be hydrolised and forms alpha-glucose which is easily transported and used in respiration
65
Q

What glucose isomer is glycogen made of?

A

Alpha glucose

66
Q

What are two properties of glycogen’s strcuture that make it a suitable molecule.

A
  • It’s insoluble so it doesn’t allow osmosis

- It’s compact so a lot of it can be stored in small space

67
Q

What’s the significance of branches in glycogen for animals?

A
  • larger surface area means enzymes have more area to act on
  • animals have a high metabolic rte so are more active
68
Q

What isomer of glucose is cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

69
Q

What bonds form cross-linkages between adjacent chains in cellulose

A

Hydrogen bonds

70
Q

What gives cellulose its strength and rigidity?

A

Large number of hydrogen bonds

71
Q

What forms microfibrils?

A

Chains of cellulose molecules

72
Q

Bundles of microfibrils are grouped together to make what?

A

Macro-fibrils

73
Q

What are 4 functions of cellulose

A
  • chains of cellulose molecules form microfibrils
  • bundles of microfibrils are grouped together to make macro-fibrils
  • cellulose is a major constituent of the cell wall in plant cells
  • provides strength and rigidity
  • provides an inward an inward force, prevents the cell form bursting which maintains turgor
74
Q

List 6 examples of proteins in living organsims

A
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • structural components of tissue
  • transport
  • carrier molecules
75
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

76
Q

What reaction is formed when a dipeptide is formed?

A

A condensation formed

77
Q

What bond is formed when two amino acids are joined together?

A

Peptide bond

78
Q

What two groups is the bond formed between?

A

Carboxyl group and amine group

79
Q

What happens to a dipeptide during a hydrolysis reaction?

A

It breaks down

80
Q

Whats the group of enzymes called that catalyse the hydrolysis of dipeptide into its constituent amino acids?

A

Dipeptidase

Biology (15 decks)

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