Bio 11 - Photosynthesis

Question 1

How does ATP ensure that none of it is wasted?

Answer 1

ATP stores/releases only small manageable amounts of energy at a time

Question 2

How is ATP easily transported around cells? (Properties of ATP)

Answer 2

It’s small and soluble

Question 3

How is ATP released instantaneously? (Properties of ATP)

Answer 3

It is easily broken down

Question 4

How can ATP make other molecules more reactive?

Answer 4

Phosphorylation

Question 5

How come a cell has immediate supply of ATP?

Answer 5

ATP can’t pass out of the cell

Question 6

What is the metabolic pathway?

Answer 6

Series of small reactions controlled by enzymes

Question 7

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 7

Adding phosphate to a molecule

Question 8

What is photophosphorylation?

Answer 8

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light

Question 9

What is photolysis?

Answer 9

The splitting of a molecule using light energy

Question 10

What is photoionisation?

Answer 10

When light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or molecule giving them more energy and causing them to be released

Question 11

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 11

The splitting of a molecule using water

Question 12

What is decarboxylation?

Answer 12

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule

Question 13

What is dehydrogenation?

Answer 13

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule

Question 14

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 14

Reactions that involve oxidation and education

Question 15

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 15

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme. They transfer a chemical group from one molecule to another

Question 16

What is the coenzyme used in photosynthesis?

Answer 16

NADP.

Question 17

What does NADP do in photosynthesis?

Answer 17

It transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another

Question 18

Where does photosynthesis takes place?

Answer 18

In the chloroplasts?

Question 19

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 19

Flattened organelles surrounded by double membrane

Question 20

What are grand?

Answer 20

Thylakoids stacked up in the chloroplast

Question 21

What are lamellae?

Answer 21

Thylakoid membrane that link the grand together

Question 22

What are photosynthetic pigments?

Answer 22

Coloured substances that absorb the light energy needed for photosynthesis

Question 23

What does the storm contain?

Answer 23

Enzymes, sugars and organic acids

Question 24

Where is the storm?

Answer 24

Its contained within the inner membrane of the chloroplast and surrounding the thylakoids. It’s a gel-like substance

Question 25

Where does the light dependent reaction take place?

Answer 25

In the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

Question 26

What does light energy do to electrons?

Answer 26

It excites the electrons in the chlorophyll leading to their eventual releases from the molecule

Question 27

How is ATP formed in the light dependent reaction?

Answer 27

Some of the released electrons are used to add a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

Question 28

How is NADPH formed in the light dependent reaction?

Answer 28

Some of the released electrons are used to reduce NADP to form NADPH

Question 29

During the light dependent reaction what is H20 oxidised to?

Answer 29

O2

Question 30

What is the light independent reaction also called?

Answer 30

the Calvin cycle

Question 31

What does the light independent reaction rely on?

Answer 31

Products of the light dependent reaction

Question 32

Where does the light independent reaction happen?

Answer 32

In the stroma of the chloroplast

Question 33

What does the ATP and reduced NADP from the light dependent reaction supply the energy for?

Answer 33

it supplies the energy and hydrogen to make simple sugars from CO2

Question 34

What does non-cyclic photophosphorylation produce?

Answer 34

ATP, reduced NADp and O2

Question 35

what are electron carriers?

Answer 35

Proteins that transfer electrons

Question 36

What do photosystems and electron carriers form?

Answer 36

An electron transport chain

Question 37

What is an electron transport chain?

Answer 37

A chain of proteins through which excited electrons flow

Question 38

What are the 4 stages of non-cyclic photophosphorylation ?

Answer 38

1. Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll 2. Photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and oxygen 3. Energy from the excited electrons makes ATP 4. This generates reduced NADP

Question 39

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 39

The process of electrons flowing down the electron transport chain and creating a proton gradient across the membrane to drive ATP synthesis.

Question 40

What does cyclic photophosphoryaltion?

Answer 40

Only produces ATP

Question 41

In the Calvin cycle, what does CO2 + ribulose bisphosphate make?

Answer 41

2 molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate

Question 42

What does rubisco do?

Answer 42

Catalyses the reaction between CO2 and ribulose bisophosphate

Question 43

Why is the 6-carbon compound broken down to a 3-carbon compound?

Answer 43

6-carbon compound is unstable

Question 44

What is required for the reduction of glycerate to triode phosphate?

Answer 44

ATP and reduced NADP

Question 45

Why can 3-carbon compound be turned into triose phosphate?

Answer 45

The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy

Question 46

Where do the H+ ions come from that are needed to turn a 3-carbon compound to triode phosphate

Answer 46

From reduced NADP

Question 47

What happens to some of the triode phosphate?

Answer 47

It's converted into glucose

Question 48

What happens to ribulose bisphosphate?

Answer 48

It is regenerated

Question 49

What happens to 5 out of 6 molecules of triode phosphate produced in the cycle?

Answer 49

They aren't used to make hexose sugars, they are used to regenerate RuBP

Question 50

How is the rest of the ATP produced by the light dependent reaction used up?

Answer 50

By regenerating RuBP