Bio 12 - Respiration Flashcards
What does glycolysis do?
It makes pyruvate from glucose
Where does glycolysis happen?
In the cytoplasm
What are the two stages of glycolysis?
Phosphorylation and oxidation
How is ATP used in the first stage of phosphorylation.
It is used to phosphorylate glucose to triose phosphate
What is the overall net gain of glycolysis?
2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD
What does phosphorylation produce?
1 glucose molecule and 1 ADP molecule
How is hexose bisphosphate formed in glycolysis?
ATP is used to add another phosphate that forms hexose bisphosphate
What does hexose bisphosphate split into?
Triose phosphate
When triose phosphate is oxidised what is formed?
2 pyruvate molecules
Why is there only a net gain of 2 ATP when 4 Amp are produced?
Because 2 are used up in stage one
In anaerobic respiration what is pyruvate converted into?
Ethanol or lactate
How come glycolysis can continue even when there is little oxygen
Fermentation regenerates oxidised NAD so glycolysis can continue even with little oxygen
what does the link reaction do?
It converts pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. Pyruvate is decarboxylated
How many times does the link reaction occur in a molecule?
Twice
For each glucose molecule what is produced?
- 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme A (to the Kreb cycle)
- 2 CO2 molecules (released as waste)
- 2 molecules of reduced NAD (go to oxidative phosphorylation)
Where does the kerb cycle take place?
The matrix of mitochondria
How many times does the kerb cycle take place?
Once for every pyruvate molecule and goes around twice for every glucose molecule
Whats the first step of the Kerb cycle?
- Acetyl coenzyme A from link reaction combines with a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule.
- Coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction to be used again
What is the second step of the Kerb Cycle?
- 6 carbon citrate molecule converted into 5 carbon molecule
- Decarboxylation occurs
- Dehydrogenation occurs
- Hydrogen used to produce reduced NAD
What is the third step of the Kerb Cycle?
- 5 carbon molecule converted to 4 carbon molecule
- Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur, produces one reduced FAD and two of reduced NAD
- ATP is produced.
What are the products of the Kerb Cycle and where do they go?
- 1 coenzyme A = reused in the link reaction
- Oxaloacetate = regenerated for Kreb Cycle
- 2 CO2 = released as a waste product
- 1 ATP = used for energy
- 3 reduced NAD = to oxidative phosphorylation
- 1 reduced FAD = to oxidative phosphorylation
What does oxidative phosphorylation produce?
Lots of ATP
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
It is the process where the energy carried by electrons is used to make ATP
What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?
the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
