BIO... Flashcards
the process by which inorganic carbon from the atmosphere is assimilated into living organisms and converted into organic compounds.
CARBON FIXATION -
a plant enzyme which catalyzes the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis by catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP.
RuBisCo (Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase
oxygenase)
- use of an exergonic reaction
to fuel an endergonic reaction
COUPLING REACTION
is the gain of an electron by an atom or molecule.
REDUCTION
energy-carrying molecule that donates electrons and hydrogen atoms
NADPH
remaining G3P molecules regenerate RuBP
REGENERATION of RuBP (Ribulose biphosphate)
3-PGA
(3-Phosphoglyceric acid)
G3P
(Glycerol-3 phosphate)
- Chemical reactions during photosynthesis that
convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into
glucose, taking place in the Stroma. - refers to the light-independent reactions in
photosynthesis that take place in three key steps:
Calvin Cycle
3 Phases of Calvin Cycle
Phase 1: CARBON FIXATION
PHASE 2: REDUCTION
PHASE 3: REGENERATION OF RuBP
- (Riboluse 1,5 -bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase) catalyzes a reaction
between CO2 and RuBP, which forms a six-carbon
compound. - The six-carbon compound is too unstable that is
immediately converted into two three-carbon
compounds called 3-PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric
acid) (there will be 6 3-PGA with 18 carbons).
Phase 1: CARBON FIXATION
- This is the gain of an electron by an atom or
molecule. - ATP from LDR goes to the six 3-PGA so it needs
6 ATP. - ATP will undergo exergonic reaction to release
energy absorbed by PGA (endergonic) which will
make ADP + Pi - There will be 6 ADP and Pi that will go back to
LDR. - There is still not enough energy do it will get 6
NADPH from LDR since it has energy from the
photons, so it will transfer electrons and hydrogen
to each 3-PGS which forms 6-G3P. - This will become NADP+ and it will go back to
LDR. - ATP and NADPH use their stored energy to
convert the three-carbon compound, 3-PGA, into
another three-carbon compound called G3P
(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).
PHASE 2: REDUCTION
- remaining G3P molecules regenerate RuBP.
- There are 18 carbons in 6-G3P and 15 carbons in
RuBP, it only needs 15 carbons to make RuBP which means it needs 5 G3P only and there will be
1 excess G3P. - It needs to produce glucose which needs 6 carbons,
so it needs to perform Calvin Cycle again to gain
the remaining 3 carbons. - Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while
others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP
molecules. - 5 molecules of G3P are needed to create 3
molecules of RuBP. - 2 G3P molecules are needed to create glucose
molecules.
PHASE 3: REGENERATION OF RuBP
IMPORTANCE OF CALVIN CYCLE
Production of Glucose
- can be used by plants to perform cellular
respiration to produce more ATP. - Main energy source of the cell
- can be used for the
growth and repair of plant cells; Chain of glucose called cellulose is the main composition of plants,
cell wall.
Glucose (6-carbon sugar)
This is a process that all living things use to convert
glucose into energy.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
two types of cellular respiration:
- Aerobic Cellular Respiration
- Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
- A chemical process
in which oxygen is used to make energy from sugar.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
process in which
cells break down the sugar molecules to produce energy
without the presence of oxygen. It has three major
stages: GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE, AND
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
can be either a(n)aerobic & are the food source for
many animals (ex. algae & amoeba)
Protists
Aerobic Respiration Products
Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water
(H₂O), and ATP
Anaerobic Respiration Types:
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Produces lactic acid; occurs in
muscle cells during intense
activity.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces ethanol and carbon
dioxide; used by yeast.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Requires oxygen; produces 36-38 ATP per glucose.
Aerobic Respiration
Does not require oxygen; produces 2 ATP per glucose.
Anaerobic Respiration
