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G12 Q2 > BIO > Flashcards

BIO Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the ability to do work or bring about a change, allowing organisms to carry out different life processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction

A

Energy

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2
Q

energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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3
Q
  • is a stored energy whose capacity to accomplish work is not being used at the moment.
  • is in the form of chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of biomolecules.
A

potential energy

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4
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

law of conservation of energy

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5
Q

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.

A

first law of thermodynamics

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6
Q

it states that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. When cells oxidize food molecules to drive chemical reactions, heat is also released into the surroundings

A

second law of thermodynamics

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7
Q
  • used to indicate the relative amount of disorganization.
  • measures randomness
A

entropy

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8
Q

the common energy currency of cells

A

Adenosine triphosphate or ATP

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9
Q

ATP is synthesized through three mechanisms:

A
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • photophosphorylation.
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10
Q

Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide composed of

A
  • nitrogen-containing base adenine
  • five-carbon sugar ribose
  • three phosphate groups.
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11
Q

begin with reactants whose covalent bonds contain more potential energy than those in products. The reaction releases to the surroundings an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products. An example of this is the oxidation of glucose molecules to release energy.

A

Exergonic reactions

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12
Q

requires net input of energy and yield products that are rich in potential energy. An endergonic reaction starts with reactants that contain relatively little potential energy. Energy is absorbed from the surroundings as the reaction occurs, so the products of an endergonic reaction contain more chemical energy than the reactants did. A biological example of an endothermic reaction is photosynthesis.

A

Endergonic reactions

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13
Q

it is composed of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, which can be broken down to liberate energy.

A

chemical energy

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14
Q

When a person walks, he or she converts chemical energy into

A

mechanical energy

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15
Q

type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

A

thermal energy

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16
Q

The thermal energy that is transferred from one object to another is called

A

heat

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17
Q

Forms of energy

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Kinetic
  • Potential
  • Thermal
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18
Q

a portion of the solar energy absorbed by the plant becomes heat when glucose is utilized during

A

respiration

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19
Q

the process in which cells obtain energy by breaking down food molecules

A

respiration

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The more disordered a system is, the higher is its
entropy

A

TRUE

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21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Some cells can make glucose out of carbon dioxide and water, and all cells can actively move ions to one side of the membrane.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the entropy of the universe as a whole, including that of the sun itself, is continuously decreasing.

A

FALSE, it’s continuously increasing

23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The more active an organism is, the greater is its demand for ATP molecules.

A

TRUE

24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Only 45% of all the free energy stored in the bonds of glucose is
transformed into ATP; the rest is lost as heat.

A

FALSE, 39% only

25
Q

The energy released from … is used to drive biochemical functions.

A

ATP

26
Q

What’s the charge of the three phosphate groups?

A

negative

27
Q

the bonds connecting the phosphate groups can readily be broken by

A

hydrolysis

28
Q

phosphate transfer is called

A

phosphorylation

29
Q

hydrolysis is what kind of reaction

A

exergonic reaction

30
Q

two ways to synthesize ATP

A
  • Kinase
  • ATP Synthase
31
Q

mediated by a group of enzymes

A

Kinases

32
Q

is the process of producing ATP by combining ADP and a phosphate group from a phosphorylated molecule instead of an inorganic phosphate.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

33
Q

is an ATP synthesizing mechanism that utilizes the energy derived from the transfer of electrons in an electron transport system to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

The third mechanism of ATP synthesis is found only in

A

photosynthetic cells

35
Q
  • is a process that is similar
    to oxidative phosphorylation in several ways
  • driven by the proton motive force generated during the flow of electrons in the light reaction stage.
A

photophosphorylation

36
Q

oxidative phosphorylation, the energy comes from electrons produced by the

A

oxidation of biological molecules

37
Q

The protons flow through the

A

ATP synthase enzyme complex

38
Q

Cells have two major ways to couple ATP hydrolysis to an energy-requiring reaction—ATP is used to

A
  • energize a reactant
  • change the shape of a reactant
39
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The negatively charged phosphate causes the protein to undergo a change in shape that allows it to interact with and move the ion across the membrane.

A

TRUE

40
Q

are energy-releasing processes where the reactants have greater energy than the products.

A

Exergonic reactions

41
Q

are energy-releasing processes where the reactants
have less energy than the products

A

Endergonic reactions

42
Q

ATP functions as an

A

energy carrier

43
Q

When a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule, energy is transferred along with the phosphate through a process called

A

phosphorylation

44
Q

has only two phosphate groups

A

adenosine diphosphate or ADP

45
Q

is the portion that provides energy for cellular work.

A

triphosphate tail of ATP

46
Q

ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring phosphate groups to those molecules. This transfer of phosphate groups helps cells perform

A

mechanical, transport, and
chemical functions

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The cells of our body spend energy continuously, and cells are lucky to evolve with ATP,
which is considered to be a renewable resource.

A

TRUE

48
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Adenosine diphosphate is more stable and has lower potential energy than ATP

A

TRUE

49
Q

are a mechanism of cells to utilize the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to drive other processes.

A

coupled reactions

50
Q

endergonic; the energy requirement is represented by a

A

positive Gibbs free energy

51
Q

exergonic; the energy requirement is represented by a

A

negative Gibbs free energy

52
Q

a German chemist, discovered the adenosine triphosphate.

A

Karl Lohmann

53
Q

chemically synthesized the
ATP

A

Alexander Todd

54
Q

showed that ATP is a bearer of chemical energy in the cell

A

Fritz Lipmann

G12 Q2 (19 decks)

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