BIO

Question 1

defined as the ability to do work or bring about a change, allowing organisms to carry out different life processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

energy of motion

Answer 2

Kinetic energy

Question 3

• is a stored energy whose capacity to accomplish work is not being used at the moment.
• is in the form of chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of biomolecules.

Answer 3

potential energy

Question 4

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

law of conservation of energy

Question 5

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.

Answer 5

first law of thermodynamics

Question 6

it states that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. When cells oxidize food molecules to drive chemical reactions, heat is also released into the surroundings

Answer 6

second law of thermodynamics

Question 7

• used to indicate the relative amount of disorganization.
• measures randomness

Answer 7

entropy

Question 8

the common energy currency of cells

Answer 8

Adenosine triphosphate or ATP

Question 9

ATP is synthesized through three mechanisms:

Answer 9

• substrate-level phosphorylation
• oxidative phosphorylation
• photophosphorylation.

Question 10

Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide composed of

Answer 10

• nitrogen-containing base adenine
• five-carbon sugar ribose
• three phosphate groups.

Question 11

begin with reactants whose covalent bonds contain more potential energy than those in products. The reaction releases to the surroundings an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products. An example of this is the oxidation of glucose molecules to release energy.

Answer 11

Exergonic reactions

Question 12

requires net input of energy and yield products that are rich in potential energy. An endergonic reaction starts with reactants that contain relatively little potential energy. Energy is absorbed from the surroundings as the reaction occurs, so the products of an endergonic reaction contain more chemical energy than the reactants did. A biological example of an endothermic reaction is photosynthesis.

Answer 12

Endergonic reactions

Question 13

it is composed of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, which can be broken down to liberate energy.

Answer 13

chemical energy

Question 14

When a person walks, he or she converts chemical energy into

Answer 14

mechanical energy

Question 15

type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

Answer 15

thermal energy

Question 16

The thermal energy that is transferred from one object to another is called

Answer 16

heat

Question 17

Forms of energy

Answer 17

• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Kinetic
• Potential
• Thermal

Question 18

a portion of the solar energy absorbed by the plant becomes heat when glucose is utilized during

Answer 18

respiration

Question 19

the process in which cells obtain energy by breaking down food molecules

Answer 19

respiration

Question 20

TRUE or FALSE: The more disordered a system is, the higher is its
entropy

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

TRUE or FALSE: Some cells can make glucose out of carbon dioxide and water, and all cells can actively move ions to one side of the membrane.

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

TRUE or FALSE: the entropy of the universe as a whole, including that of the sun itself, is continuously decreasing.

Answer 22

FALSE, it’s continuously increasing

Question 23

TRUE or FALSE: The more active an organism is, the greater is its demand for ATP molecules.

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

TRUE or FALSE: Only 45% of all the free energy stored in the bonds of glucose is
transformed into ATP; the rest is lost as heat.

Answer 24

FALSE, 39% only

Question 25

The energy released from ... is used to drive biochemical functions.

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

What's the charge of the three phosphate groups?

Answer 26

negative

Question 27

the bonds connecting the phosphate groups can readily be broken by

Answer 27

hydrolysis

Question 28

phosphate transfer is called

Answer 28

phosphorylation

Question 29

hydrolysis is what kind of reaction

Answer 29

exergonic reaction

Question 30

two ways to synthesize ATP

Answer 30

- Kinase - ATP Synthase

Question 31

mediated by a group of enzymes

Answer 31

Kinases

Question 32

is the process of producing ATP by combining ADP and a phosphate group from a phosphorylated molecule instead of an inorganic phosphate.

Answer 32

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 33

is an ATP synthesizing mechanism that utilizes the energy derived from the transfer of electrons in an electron transport system to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate

Answer 33

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 34

The third mechanism of ATP synthesis is found only in

Answer 34

photosynthetic cells

Question 35

- is a process that is similar to oxidative phosphorylation in several ways - driven by the proton motive force generated during the flow of electrons in the light reaction stage.

Answer 35

photophosphorylation

Question 36

oxidative phosphorylation, the energy comes from electrons produced by the

Answer 36

oxidation of biological molecules

Question 37

The protons flow through the

Answer 37

ATP synthase enzyme complex

Question 38

Cells have two major ways to couple ATP hydrolysis to an energy-requiring reaction—ATP is used to

Answer 38

- energize a reactant - change the shape of a reactant

Question 39

TRUE or FALSE: The negatively charged phosphate causes the protein to undergo a change in shape that allows it to interact with and move the ion across the membrane.

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

are energy-releasing processes where the reactants have greater energy than the products.

Answer 40

Exergonic reactions

Question 41

are energy-releasing processes where the reactants have less energy than the products

Answer 41

Endergonic reactions

Question 42

ATP functions as an

Answer 42

energy carrier

Question 43

When a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule, energy is transferred along with the phosphate through a process called

Answer 43

phosphorylation

Question 44

has only two phosphate groups

Answer 44

adenosine diphosphate or ADP

Question 45

is the portion that provides energy for cellular work.

Answer 45

triphosphate tail of ATP

Question 46

ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring phosphate groups to those molecules. This transfer of phosphate groups helps cells perform

Answer 46

mechanical, transport, and chemical functions

Question 47

TRUE or FALSE: The cells of our body spend energy continuously, and cells are lucky to evolve with ATP, which is considered to be a renewable resource.

Answer 47

TRUE

Question 48

TRUE or FALSE: Adenosine diphosphate is more stable and has lower potential energy than ATP

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

are a mechanism of cells to utilize the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to drive other processes.

Answer 49

coupled reactions

Question 50

endergonic; the energy requirement is represented by a

Answer 50

positive Gibbs free energy

Question 51

exergonic; the energy requirement is represented by a

Answer 51

negative Gibbs free energy

Question 52

a German chemist, discovered the adenosine triphosphate.

Answer 52

Karl Lohmann

Question 53

chemically synthesized the ATP

Answer 53

Alexander Todd

Question 54

showed that ATP is a bearer of chemical energy in the cell

Answer 54

Fritz Lipmann