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AQA A-Level Sociology Burnley College > Beliefs - Religion in a Global Context - 5.4 > Flashcards

Beliefs - Religion in a Global Context - 5.4 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Appeal to tradition seek return to basics/fundamentals of their faith.

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2
Q

Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A 
> An authoritative sacred text
> Us & them mentality
> Aggressive reaction to threat
> Use of modern tech
> Patriarchy
> Conspiracy theories
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3
Q

An authoritative sacred text - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

> Literal interpretation of religious texts as eternally having answer’s to life’s questions

> See biblical prophecies being fulfilled today & intolerant to alternative views

> Refusing to engage in debate.

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4
Q

Davie - Us & Them Mentality

A

> Separateness from rest of world, unable to compromise

> Seek to create islands of certainty among perceived social & cultural chaos

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5
Q

Aggressive Reaction to Threat - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

> Like to draw attention to threat of beliefs & values through aggressive action

> Directed by elders or clergy

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6
Q

Use of Modern Technology - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

> Oppose modern society, but use modern technology to achieve aims

> e.g. televangelists, social media & military weaponry

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7
Q

Patriarchy - Hawley

A

Want to control women’s reproductive powers & sexuality & biologically based gender roles fixed by god

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8
Q

Prophecy - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

Believe final days will soon be upon us & second coming of christ & final defeat of Satan & Armageddon.

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9
Q

Conspiracy Theories - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

Islamic/Christian groups have anti-semitic views believing Jews are conspiring to secure world domination.

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10
Q

Fundamentalism, Modernity & Postmodernity (Key Studies)

A

> Davie (Fundamentalism & Modernity)

> Giddens (Fundamentalism & Modernity & Contrast with Cosmopolitanism)

> Bauman (Postmodernity & Fundamentalism)

> Castells (two Responses to Modernity)

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11
Q

Davie (Fundamentalism & Modernity)

A

> Only occurs when traditional beliefs threatened by modernity

> Also products of modernity, threat may be from outside

> e.g. globalisation or within e.g. liberal attitudes to gender

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12
Q

Fundamentalism & Modernity - Giddens

A

> Due to globalisation, undermining traditional norms concerning family diversity, sexuality & abortion etc.

> Fundamentalism offers protection from risky & uncertain world.

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13
Q

Fundamentalism & Contrast with Cosmopolitanism - Giddens

A

> Cosmopolitanism is a way of thinking embracing modernity - open to alternative views, it modifies beliefs based on new ideas.

> Life personal choice, not god focused, focused on self-improvement.

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14
Q

Bauman - Postmodernity & Fundamentalism

A

> Autonomy can cause uncertainty & increased awareness of risk undermining tradition.

> Some embrace freedom, but some attracted to truth & certainty of fundamentalism.

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15
Q

Castells - Two Responses to Modernity

A

> Resistance Identity

> Project Identity

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16
Q

Resistant Identity - Castells

A

Defensive reaction by those feeling threatened & retreat to fundamentalism

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17
Q

Project Identity - Castells

A

Forward thinkers engage with movements e.g. feminism & environmentalism.

18
Q

A03 of Bauman, Giddens & Castells (Key Studies)

A

> Beckford

> Haynes

19
Q

Beckford - Criticisms of Giddens, Bauman & Castells

A

> Too focused on fundamentalism & ignore impact of globalisation on catholicism.

> Ignore hybrid movements & doesn’t consider return to tradition as reflexive rather than defensive.

20
Q

Davie - Secular Fundamentalism (1st Phase, 18c-1960’s)

A

> Enlightenment philosophers had optimistic secular belief in progress based on rationality.

> Secualrised all areas of life & undermining religious certainties.

> Led to Fundamentalism

21
Q

Davie - Secular Fundamentalism (2nd Phase, 1970-)

A

> Enlightenment project attacked due to increasing uncertainty of globalisation

> Secular ideologies e.g. liberalism & Marxism attacked

> So people are increasingly attracted to anti-religious sentiment & increasing nationalism e.g. France made it illegal to wear hijab

22
Q

Ansell - Implications of Secular Fundamentalism

A

> Sees trends as form of cultural racism uses ideas of equality & integration

> But more about legitimating exclusion of religion or cultural minorities.

23
Q

Huntington - Clash of Civilisations

A

> Nation-states insignificant as source of identity creating gap filled by religion

> Globalisation results in increasing contact with civilisations led to conflict with an us & them mentality - with competition between civilisations for economic/military power.

> Religious differences harder to resolve compared to political differences, as they’re deeply rooted in history & culture.

> West under threat from Islam, needs to reassert Christanity to win.

24
Q

Examples of Civilisations outlined by Huntington

A

> Western
Islamic
Hindu
Latin American

25
Q

A03 Criticisms of Huntington (Key Studies)

A

> Jackson
Casanova
Armstrong

26
Q

Jackson - Criticisms of Huntington

A

Form of Orientalism e.g. Western ideology stereotyping eastern religions as untrustworthy to justify human rights abuses.

27
Q

Casanova - Criticisms of Huntington

A

Huntington ignores divisions in civilisations e.g. Sunni & Shia Islam

28
Q

Armstrong - Criticisms of Huntington

A

Hostility against the West isn’t due to fundamentalist Islam, but reaction to the West’s support of Israel & aggressive treatment of Palestinians/ wars in the Middle East.

29
Q

Real Clash of Civilisations - World Values Survey

A

> Issue dividing West from the Muslim world, not about democracy but sexuality

> Increased differences in attitudes to divorce, abortion & LGBT

30
Q

Define Cultural Defence

A

> Religion unites community against an external threat e.g Poland & Iran

> Shows how religion can be used to defend national identity against domination by an external power

31
Q

Bruce - Poland as an example of Cultural Defence

A

> Communist rule imposed by Soviet Union , so church was suppressed

> Still embodying national identity & rallying point against communism

> Church actively supported solidarity free Trade Union movement leading to fall of communism.

32
Q

Bruce - Iran as example of Cultural Defence

A

> Western capitalist powers had long influence, bringing, pro-western regime headed by Shah

> Later aiming for rapid modernisation & westernisation, but Islam was form of resistance

> Revolution meant creation of Islamic Republic - clergy had state power & imposed Sharia Law.

33
Q

Religion & Development (Key Studies)

A

> Nanda (God & Globalisation in India, Hinduism & Consumerism & Ultra Nationalism)

> Nanda (Rejection of Poverty & Existential Security for increased religiosity)

> Berger (Pentecostalism in LA)

> Lehmann (Pentecostalism, Global & Local)

34
Q

God & Globalisation in India - Nanda

A

> Globalisation created urban educated middle class, working in jobs closely linked to economic growth - predicted to be the first people to abandon religion

> But the middle class still believe in the supernatural resulting in increased religious tourism e.g. temples - it is fashionable to be religious

> Middle class are more attracted to gods worshipped by working class, as they’re seen more responsive to people’s needs

35
Q

Nanda - Rejection of Poverty & Existential Security for increased religiosity

A

> Can’t be reason as middle class aren’t poor, religiosity isn’t a defence reaction to westernisation

> Middle class in India are optimistic about chances globalisation brings

36
Q

Hinduism & Consumerism - Nanda

A

> Tele-gurus changed view of wealth, not sinful to be rich but a sign of divine favour.

> Using business-friendly version of Hinduism, accepting materialism

> Consumerism can be spiritually balanced - paying for extravagant rituals, modern version of Hinduism legitimates position of the middle class

37
Q

Hindu-Ultra Nationalism - Nanda

A

> Believe culture is superior to others, media promotes view success in global market due to this

> Worship of gods now create a worshipping nation, hinduism now a civil religion

> Also penetrated public life, Hindu sciences e.g. astrology to predict natural disasters

38
Q

Capitalism in East Asia

A

> Tiger economies e.g. Korea & Singapore - now industrialised, big forces in global economy as well as China

> Spirit of capitalism in Chinese as Confucianism encourage hard work, discipline & self-improvement

> Similar to protestant work ethic as it creates economic productivity & gain of capital.

39
Q

Berger - Pentecostalism in Latin America

A

> Had similar impact to Calvinism in EU, encourages people to better themselves work their way out of poverty not waiting for salvation

> Thus improves inspiring followers to adopt a dedicated work ethic

> e.g. Brazil & Chile have pentecostalist middle class leading capitalist development

40
Q

Lehmann - Pentecostalism: Global & Local

A

> Successful global religion due to ability to incorporate local beliefs

> Whilst giving people access to greater power e.g Holy Spirit, creating new local religious forms, not replacing existing beliefs

> e.g. Africa & Africanisation of Christianity whilst maintaining indigenous religions

41
Q

Fundamentalism developing in the West (Bruce)

A

> Countries becoming too pluralistic and consumerist and therefore losing values.

> Becoming too tolerant of others

> Bring the country back to God

42
Q

Fundamentalism developing in the 3rd world

A

Iranian Revolution

Western countries trying to impose their norms and values and this is resisted by the host nation through fundamentalism

AQA A-Level Sociology Burnley College (36 decks)

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