4.7 Crime - Globalisation, Green Crime and State Crime

Question 1

What types of crimes have started to emerge as a result of globalisation?

Answer 1

• Arms Trafficking
• Smuggling Illegal Immigrants
• Trafficking Women & Children
• Sex Tourism
• Trafficking Body Parts
• Cyber-Crime
• Green Crime
• International Terrorism
• Smuggling Legal Goods
• Trafficking in Endangered Species
• Drugs Trade
• Money Laundering

Question 2

What is the relationship between globalisation and capitalism?

Answer 2

Globalisation has enabled TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS to switch their manufacturing to low wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment and poverty in the countries they have left.

MARKETISATION has also meant that we now see ourselves as INDIVIDUAL CONSUMERS which has undermined social cohesion
as we are far more individualistic in our outlook; so we are less concerned for the welfare of others. LEFT REALISTS would make the point that the increasingly materialistic culture promoted by the global media portrays
success in terms of lifestyle consumption.

Question 3

Which sociologist looks at globalisation and capitalism?

Answer 3

Taylor

Question 4

Who looked at ‘glocal crime’?

Answer 4

Hobbs and Dunningham

Question 5

What are the 3 zones in the ‘glocal’ crime explanation?

Answer 5

1. Zones of Production
2. Zone of Distribution
3. Zone of Consumption

Question 6

Who looked at the McMafia?

Answer 6

Glenny

Question 7

What is a green crime?

Answer 7

Green or environmental crime is defined as crime against the environment.
Green crime can be linked to globalisation and the interconnectedness of societies.

Question 8

Who looks at the manufactured risks when it comes to green crime?

Answer 8

Ulrich Beck

Question 9

What happened in Mozambique that was a result of a manufactured, global risk?

Answer 9

This story starts in Russia where global warming caused the hottest heatwave
in 100 years, this caused wildfires that destroyed parts of the countries grain belt. This resulted in
Russia introducing export bans on grain as there was a shortage within Russia. The knock-on effect was
for Mozambique, who are heavily reliant on food imports, they had a 30% cost increase on bread. This
triggered extensive rioting and looting of food stores, at the same time Mozambique were
experiencing their own drought possibly as a result of global warming.

Question 10

How do traditional criminologists define environmental crime?

Answer 10

An authorised act or omission that violates the law

Question 11

How do green criminologists define environmental crime?

Answer 11

ANY ACTION that HARMS the physical environment and or human or non-human animals within it, EVEN IF THE LAW HAS NOT BEEN BROKEN

Question 12

What is the term for when we look at the harms caused?

Answer 12

Zemiology

Question 13

What type of harm is the following:

Human centred view of environmental harm. This is generally adopted by nation states and transnational corporations who assume humans have the right to dominate the natural environment. It puts economic growth before environmental harm.

Answer 13

Anthropocentric

Question 14

What type of harm is the following:

Sees humans and their environment as inter-dependent and that
environmental harm hurts humans as well. Green criminologists generally adopt this view as their basis for judging environmental harm.

Answer 14

Ecocentric

Question 15

What are the 4 types of primary green crime?

Answer 15

1. Crimes of Air Pollution
2. Crimes of Deforestation
3. Crimes of Species Decline and Animal Rights
4. Crimes of Water Pollution

Question 16

Who split green crimes into primary and secondary?

Answer 16

South

Question 17

What might be two examples of secondary green crime?

Answer 17

1. State violence against oppositional groups
2. Hazardous waste and organised crime

Question 18

What 4 categories does McLaughlin put state crime into?

Answer 18

1. POLITICIAL CRIMES – corruption, censorship
2. CRIMES BY THE POLICE OR SECURITY FORCES – genocide, torture and disappearance of dissidents
3. ECONOMIC CRIMES – official violations of health and safety laws
4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CRIMES – institutional racism

Question 19

What are the two reasons why state crime is so serious?

Answer 19

1. Scale of state crime
2. The state is the source of the law

Question 20

What happened in the Genocide in Rwanda?

Answer 20

Genocide: ‘acts committed with intent to destroy, in
whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious
group’.

In 1994 Rwanda had the fastest genocide in the 20th
Century. Colonised by Belgium, there were two
groups; the Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda, the Belgians
quickly ‘ethnicised’ the two groups issuing ID cards
and educating them separately.

When Rwanda gained independence the Hutus rose
to power. By 1990 there was a civil war due to
economic and political struggles.

Hutus clung to power by fuelling racial hate toward
the Tutsis. In 100 days 800,000 Tutsis were
slaughtered. This was legitimised by describing them
as rats and cockroaches.

Hutu civilians were encouraged to act out the killings,
often being killed themselves if they didn’t comply

Question 21

Which 4 ways is state crime defined?

Answer 21

1. Domestic Law (Chambliss)
2. Social Harms and Zemiology (Michalowski)
3. Labelling and Societal Reaction
4. International Law

Question 22

Who said we should define crime in terms of how it violates our human rights?

Answer 22

Schwendinger

Question 23

What name is given to the personality that is said to obey orders willingly and without question?

Answer 23

Authoritarian Personality (Adorno)

Question 24

Kelman and Hamilton looked at US soldiers in Vietnam and found they had 3 features when it came to obedience. What were they?

Answer 24

1. Authorisation - moral principles are replaced by the duty to obey
2. Routinisation - killing turned into a routine activity
3. Dehumanisation - the enemy is portrayed as being less human

Question 25

How do states deny state crimes?

Answer 25

 NEUTRALISATION THEORY – is an examination of the way that states will deny or justify their crimes, they will use the same techniques when attempting to justify torture, massacres etc…
DENIAL OF THE VICTIM – “they exaggerate; they are terrorists, look at what they do to each other”
DENIAL OF INJURY – “we are the real victims not them”
DENIAL OF RESPONSIBILITY – “I was only obeying my orders” (death camp guards)
CONDEMING THE CONDEMNERS – “everyone is picking on us” (anti-Semitism)
APPEAL TO HIGHER LOYALTY – self-righteous justification, “it’s a free world”