Education - Educational Achievement - 3.2 (Class Differences) Flashcards
3 External factors impacting on class inequalities
Cultural deprivation
Material deprivaion
Cultural capital
> Cultural Factors
What is Cultural Deprivation?
Being deprived of cultural values facilitating educational success.
3 Main Aspects of Cultural Deprivation
- Language
- Parents Education
- Working class Subculture
What is Basic Cultural Equipment?
Language, self-discipline and reasoning skills.
What did the Centre for Educational Studies find on the difference between Middle Class and Working class?
Found by age of 3 children were three years behind those from middle class
Cultural Deprivation Theorists
Cultural Deprivation:
> Centre for Educational Studies (Working Class behind Middle Class)
Language:
> Feinstein & Tait (Language Differences between Educated & Non Educated Parents)
> Bernstein (Elaborated versus Restricted Code)
Parents Education:
> Douglas (Lack of Working Class Parent Interest)
> Feinstein (Parenting Styles/Education)
Subcultures:
> Sugarman (Fatalism, Collectivism etc and Security of Middle Class Jobs)
Bernstein’s view on Language affecting Educational Achievement (Difference between working class and middle class)
- Working class more likely to use: Restricted Code: Limited vocab, short, unfinished, simple sentences, context-bound. (Assume listener shares same experience)
- Middle class are more likely to use: Elaborated Code: Wider vocab, longer, abstract ideas, context-free (Assume listener doesn’t shares same experience)
- MC can switch codes, WC limited to restricted code.
- MC students at advantage as teachers, textbooks use elaborate code
Criticisms of Bernstein’s
Actually, it is schools who fail to teach elaborated code
What was Douglas’s view on Parental Education?
- Working class parents placed less value on education, so children were less ambitious, getting less encouragement, so took less interest
- Working class parents unikely to go and discuss child’s progress with teachers and as result working class had low achievement.
What was Feinstein view on Parental Education and Parents Education?
- Parents’ Education/Parenting Styles are very vital
- More educated they are, better position they’re in for socializing children
- Encouraging active learning and exploration.
- Parenting of working class involves harsh, inconsistent discipline focused on behaving yourself, so problems interacting with teachers.
Tanners views on income
> Middle class more likely to buy educational, toys, books etc. Encourage reasoning and stimulate intellectual development
> Working class parents unable to afford this (only have money for necessities) thus, working class are behind peers.
What were the 4 Values outlined in Sugarman’s view of the Working class subculture in relation to Education?
- Fatalism: Belief your status is fixed and can’t be changed
- Collectivism: Value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual, opposite for middle class
- Immediate Gratification: Want to get pleasure straight away, without making sacrifices. - middle class have delayed gratification, make sacrifices now have pleasure later.
- Present Time-Orientation: Seeing present more important than future not having long-term goals.
A03 Criticisms of Cultural Deprivation in Achievement
> Keddie (Sugarman)
Troyna and Williams (Any Language Theorist)
Blackstone & Mortimore (Douglas)
How does Keddie criticise Sugarman’s view?
- Working class different culturally, but not deprived.
- Rather than seeing working class subculture as deficient, schools should challenge teachers working class prejudices.
Explain how Troyna & Williams criticise any Language Theorist?
- Problem not working class language but school’s attitudes towards it.
- Teachers have speech hierarchy, favouring middle class speech, then working class speech than Black speech.
Explain how Blackstone and Martimore criticise Douglas
Working class parents don’t miss Parents Evening voluntarily, but busy at work so don’t have time and put off by middle class atmosphere.
Define Compensatory Education
> Introduced to tackle cultural deprivation giving resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.
> Come in early at socialisation process to compensate children for deprivation faced at home
What is an example of Compensatory Education in the US?
> Operation Head Start in the US, where pre-school education was introduced to develop skills and motivations of deprived children.
> Included setting up Nursery Classes and home visits by educational psychologists.
Example of TV show used for Compensatory Education as part of what program and what did this provide?
Sesame Street was set up as a part of HeadStart, providing a way to transmit skills needed for Educational Success.
What are the 3 examples of Compensatory Education in the UK?
Education Priority Areas and Education Action Zones and Sure Start.
Define Material Deprivation
Poverty and lack of material necessities which prevent educational achievement.
What were DOFE findings in 2012 on Free School Meals students?
found barely ⅓ of FSM pupils get 5+ GCSES incl. (Engl and Maths)
Flaherty
Money problems are a significant factor in younger children’s non-attendance in school.
Which type of family is exclusion and truancy common in?
poorer families
What % of failing schools are in poor areas
90%
Material Deprivation Theorists
Material Deprivation
> Department for Education 2012 (Impact of Free School Meals)
> Flaherty (Money Problems)
Diet and Health
> Howard (Effects of Poor Diet)
> Wilkinson (Working class more prone to Behaviour Issues)
> Blanden and Machin (Working class more likely to be in fights)
Cost of Education
> Tanner (Cost of Equipment)
> Flaherty (Free School Meal Stigmitisation)
> Ridge (Working class Part-Time Work)
Fear of Debt
> Calender and Jackson (Working class more debt-averse)
> Reay (Working class limited Uni choices)
> National Audit Office (Debt)
How does Poor Housing affect Educational Achievement in relation to Overcrowding
- Overcrowding makes it harder to study, no room to do h/w, disturbed sleep from sharing bedrooms etc.
How does Poor Housing affect Educational Achievement in relation to Young Kids development
- Development of young children can be impaired, though lack of space for safe play/exploration.
How does Poor Housing affect Educational Achievement in relation to Children’s Health?
Children in crowded homes have more accidents and cold/damp housing means ill-health, thus meaning more absence from school.
Explain Howard findings on how Poor Diet affects WC achievement?
Kids from working class have poorer diets and nutrition, leads to lack of energy and concentration and higher absence rates.
What did Tanner discuss?
- Tanner found cost of items e.g. Transport, Books, Uniforms, Computers, Calculators, and Sports Equipment put burden on WC.
- So have to use hand me downs, leading to bullying from peers.