Beliefs - Ideology & Science - 5.7 Flashcards
Impact of Science on Religion
> Huge impact, undermined religion and led to widespread faith in science
> Key feature is cognitive power, allows us to explain, predict & control world
Criticisms of Impact of Science on Religion
Science causes issues, as well as solving them e.g. manufactured risks e.g. pollution, global warming etc.
Popper (Science as Open Belief System)
> Open to challenge, based on falsification, not absolutism
> If theories proven wrong discarded & better one is found so knowledge increased
Merton’s CUDOS Norms
> Communism
Universalism
Disinterestedness
Organised Scepticism
Communism - CUDOS Norms
Scientific knowledge shared, not private, allows for growth of knowledge
Universalism - CUDOS Norms
All scientists are equal - work should be challenged not scientists themselves e.g. use of universal objective criteria
Disinterestedness - CUDOS Norms
Science is committed to truth, have to publish findings, makes fraud harder others check claims
Organised Scepticism - CUDOS Norms
No claim is sacred, all open to challenge, critique & objective investigation
Polanyi - Criticisms of Science as Open Belief System
All belief systems reject fundamental challenges to knowledge claims, science isn’t different
Horton - Religion as Closed Belief System
> Claims absolute truth about world with get out clauses stops disproval
> Conservative beliefs & fixed, means knowledge claims can’t be disproven
Pritchard & Azande as Closed Belief System
> Don’t believe in coincidences, see witchcraft as misfortune & proof from potion given to chickens
> Irrational to an outsider but indoctrinated in tribe
> No one questions it, & not disprovable even with evidence.
Polanyi – Self Sustaining Beliefs (3 Main Features of Closed Belief Systems for protection from challenge)
> Denial of Legitimacy
Subsidiary Explanations
Circularity
Denial of Legitimacy - 3 Main Features of Closed Belief Systemv for protection from challenge
Full rejection of rival claims to convince followers only they hold truth.
Subsidiary Explanations - 3 Main Features of Closed Belief System for protection from challenge
Get out clauses deflect argument or counter criticisms
Circularity - 3 Main Features of CBS for protection from challenge
Each idea in system explained with another idea in system etc.
Science as Closed Belief System (Kuhn)
> Based on pardiagms (shared beliefs) methods, equipment etc
> Socialises new scientists into the paradigm with scientific education
> Scientists stay within it, people challenging it are ridiculed
Interpretivism (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge)
> Scientific Knowledge is socially constructed not objective, a product of the resources available to the group creating it.
> Facts are the result of shared theories showing what they expect to see