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AQA A-Level Sociology Burnley College > Beliefs - Organisations & Movements - 5.1 > Flashcards

Beliefs - Organisations & Movements - 5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Religious Organisations

A

> Church
Denomination
Sect
Cults

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2
Q

Church

A

> Large, bureaucratic & closely linked with state, monopoly of truth

> Ideologically conservative & few demands on members e.g. Church of England
Legitimate

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3
Q

Bruce - Criticisms of Definition of Church

A

Lost monopoly & reduced to status of denominations, competing with everyone else

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4
Q

Sect

A

> Small, exclusive & increased commitment, hostile to wider society

> Feel they’ve monopoly of truth, recruit from working class with charismatic leadership

> e.g. Jehovah’s Witnesses, Deviant

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5
Q

Denomination

A

> Midway between Church & Sects, unexclusive, accepts society’s values, unlinked to state

> Minor restrictions, & tolerant of other religions

> e.g. Methodist

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6
Q

Cults

A

> Individualistic small loose structure, open membership & tolerant of other religions

> See members as customers e.g. Scientology

> Deviant

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7
Q

Trend in New Religious Movements

A

Increased due to decline of established churches, beliefs not declining but changing.

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8
Q

Types of Religious Organisations (Key studies)

A

> Wallis (3 Types of NRM)
Stark and Bainbridge (Sects)
Stark and Bainbridge (Cults)

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9
Q

Wallis - 3 Types of New Religious Movements

A

> World-Rejecting NRM
World-Accommodating NRM
World-Affirming NRM

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10
Q

Examples of World Rejecting NRM

A

Moonies, People’s Temple, Branch Davidians

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11
Q

World Rejecting NRM - Wallis

A

> Clear idea of God, hostile & radical, communal life style

> Cut off kinship ties & ascetic lifestyle

> Appeal to young, causing parents fear - see them as being captured.

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12
Q

Examples of World-Accommodating NRM

A

Neo-Pentecostals or Subud

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13
Q

World-Accommodating NRM - Wallis

A

> Breakaway from churches, feel religion has lost its lost purity, don’t accept/reject world

> Resembles dominations, politically conservative

> Focus on religious rather than worldly matters

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14
Q

Examples of World-Affirming NRM

A

Scientology, Transcendental Meditation & Human Potential

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15
Q

World-Affirming NRM - Wallis

A

> Lack normal religious features accept world, followers customers rather than members.

> Give them access to spiritual powers & special knowledge

> Promise success in individual goals

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16
Q

General Criticisms of Wallis

A

Ignores diversity of beliefs within NRM

> Most NRM don’t fit in categories e.g. mix traits

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17
Q

Stark & Bainbrisge - Criticisms of Wallis

A

Religious organisations should only be distinguished by tension between the group and wider society.

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18
Q

Two Organisations Stark & Bainbridge feel conflict with wider society

A

> Sects & Cults

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19
Q

Stark & Bainbridge - Sects

A

> Due to existing groups splitting e.g. church due to disagreements over doctrine

> Increased tension with outside world & offer supernatural/other worldly benefits

> People suffering with economic /ethical deprivation

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20
Q

Stark & Bainbridge - Cults

A

New religions e.g Scientology or imported e.g. Transcendental Meditation offering this worldly benefits to people suffering health deprivation

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21
Q

Stark & Bainbridge - 3 Types of Cult

A

> Audience Cults
Client Cults
Cultic Movements

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22
Q

Audience Cults & S&B

A

> Unorganised with little commitment/interaction participate through media

> e.g. Astrology Cults

23
Q

Client Cults - Stark & Bainbridge

A

Offer services to customers enhancing life, promising personal fulfilment with therapies e.g. Scientology

24
Q

Cultic Movements

A

> Organised & exclusive, needed increased levels of commitment, claims to meet all religious needs

> Offer full spiritual package including.answers to core existential questions e.g. Heaven’s Gate

25
Q

Reasons for Growth of Religious Movements

A

> Marginality
Relative deprivation
Anomie & Social Change

26
Q

Reasons for Growth of Religious Movements (Key Studies)

A

> Weber (Marginality)
Stark & Bainbridge (Marginality)

> Stark & Bainbridge (Relative deprivation , Spirituality & Compensators)

> Wilson (Anomie & Social Change)
Bruce (Anomie & Social Change)

27
Q

Weber - Marginality

A

> Fall of organised religion leaves a gap in market, sects arise in groups marginal in society.

> Give theodicy of deprivilege for lack of status e.g. recruit from marginalised working class

> e.g. Black Muslims recruited among oppressed blacks in US, due to inequality

28
Q

Stark & Bainbridge - Marginality

A

> World rejecting NRMs give access to close-knit groups in the same position

> Offer sense of security, clear values & reward in heaven.

29
Q

Stark & Bainbridge - Relative Deprivation & Spirituality

A

> Middle class feel spiritually deprived compared to others in today’s materialistic & consumerist world - lacks emotional warmth

> Sects give a sense of community

30
Q

Stark & Bainbridge - Relative Deprivation & Compensators

A

> Relative Deprivation middle class people form/join sects as a response to feeling spiritually deprived

> People join sects for a sense of community

> The relatively deprived break away from churches to form sects

31
Q

Anomie & Social Change - Wilson

A

> Rapid social change leads to anomie, undermines traditional values

> NRMs give solution through sense of certainty, with clearly defined belief systems

32
Q

Anomie & Social Change - Bruce

A

> Increased social change due to secularisation, means people are less attracted to the traditional churches as they are strict & demanding

> People join sects and cults with less sacrifices

33
Q

Wallis - Reasons for Growth of World-Rejecting NRM’s

A

> Social change from 60’s gave young freedom, letting idealistic counter culture develop

> Increase of radical political movements offered alternative ideas about future

> So World Rejecting NRM gave them an idealistic way of life

34
Q

Bruce - Reasons for Growth of World-Rejecting NRM’s

A

> Failure of counter-culture to change world, led to discouraged youth turning to religion instead

35
Q

Bruce - Reasons for Growth of World-Affirming NRM’s

A

> Increased due to modernity, brings rationalisation of work, no longer source of identity

> Give source of identity & techniques promising success in the world

36
Q

Why are Sects short-lived?

A

> 2nd Generation
Loss of Leader
Protestant Ethic (Becoming upwardly mobile)

37
Q

What is the Protestant Ethic and why does it mean sects are shortlived?

A

> A World Affirming Group may not exist for very long, as if ‘this worldly gain’ is achieved members may leave it. For example through asceticism (hard work and saving), the group may succeed in their pursuit of get out of poverty.

> Niebuhr (Problems Maintaining Commitment)

38
Q

Loss of Leader - Why are Sects short-lived?

A

> Charismatic leader, attracted people to join in the first place, so group collapses without central figure

> e.g. death/imprisonment.

39
Q

4 Stages of Stark and Bainbridge - Sectarian Cycle

A
  1. Schism
  2. Initial Fervour
  3. Denominationalism
  4. Establishment
40
Q

Schism - Stark & Bainbridge - Sectarian Cycle

A

Tensions develop between the needs of the deprived and privileged members of church, the deprived leave to found a world-rejecting sect

41
Q

Initial Fervour - Stark & Bainbridge - Sectarian Cycle

A

e.g. Charismatic leadership & tension between the sect’s beliefs & wider society

42
Q

Denominationalism - Stark & Bainbridge - Sectarian Cycle

A

‘Protestant ethic’ effect & cooling down of the second generation so initial fervour disappears

43
Q

Establishment - Stark & Bainbridge - Sectarian Cycle

A

Sect becomes world-accepting - no tension with wider society

44
Q

Wilson (Established Sects) Criticisms of Stark & Bainbridge - Sectarian Cycle

A

Patterns not the same for all sects, depends on the answer to the question ‘’what shall we do to be saved?”

45
Q

Wilson’s 3 Established Sects

A

> Conversionist
Established
Advent

46
Q

Conversionist - Wilson’s 3 Established Sects

A

e.g. evangelicals aim to convert lots of people and become increased larger formal denominations

47
Q

Adventist - Wilson’s 3 Established Sects

A

> e.g. Jehovah’s Witnesses awaiting second coming of christ

> To be saved, must be separate from corrupt world

> Does not compromise with the world and therefore does not become a denomination.

48
Q

Established - Wilson’s 3 Established Sects

A

Survive for many generations, but don’t become denomination

e.g. Amish and Mormons

49
Q

Heelas - Growth of New Age (Client Cults)

A

> Estimated to cover 2000 activities & 140 000 practitioners in the UK

> Very loosely organised

> Very diverse - beliefs include UFOs, astrology, meditation etc.

50
Q

Heelas - Features of New Age

A

𝗦𝗲𝗹𝗳-𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆
> Move away from traditional established churches to find spirituality inside selves

𝗗𝗲-𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
> Rejects spiritual authority of traditional sources
> e.g. priests, value personal experience & can find truth in ourselves

51
Q

Drane - Postmodernity & New Age

A

> Loss of faiths in scientists who promise progress but instead have given us global warming

> Disappointed with churches’ failure to meet spiritual needs

52
Q

Bruce - Modernity & New Age

A

> Individualism in late modernity ‘expressive professions’ focused on human potential

> e.g. artists/social workers, who the New Age most appeals to

> Less demanding version of traditional eastern religions e.g. Buddhism.

> New Age Self Spirituality reflecting increasing consumerism

53
Q

Heelas - 4 Ways the New Age & Modernity are linked

A

> Source of Identity
Consumer Culture
Rapid Social Change
Decline of Organised Religion

AQA A-Level Sociology Burnley College (36 decks)

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