Bee questions 2 Flashcards
What causes apimyiasis?
Senotainia tricuspis
What is Braula coeca?
- Bee louse
When is the cleansing flight and what is it for?
It is right after winter, when the workers fly out from the hives to defecate (to
prevent dirt inside the hive)
What happens before the winter?
- The drones are expelled from the hive. The beekeepers will clean, feed sugar
syrup, take a Varroa control and prepare for the winter
How many % of the Varroa mite survive the winter?
Non of the males will survive, because they die right after mating
What is the royal jelly?
- A milky-white secretion produced by the pharyngeal gland of workers made of
combination of pollen and honey. - This is fed to the young larvae and queen for superior growth and
development
What is American foul brood?
- One of the most dreaded bacterial bee diseases in the world as it is very
contagious. - Caused by Paenibacillus larvae.
- Has to be reported to the OIE
What is aspergillosis caused by?
Caused by Stone-brood which is caused by Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus
What must be collected when suspecting poisoning of bees?
1 litre of dead bees (10.000 bees) and samples of plants in a 2-3 km radius
What is used against malphigamoebosis?
There are no effective treatments against it
Where do the symptoms of Aschosphera apis (chalk brood) occur?
- Larva are first fluffy and swollen, taking the form of the cell and quickly covered by white cotton like mycelium
- The larvae mummify, harden, shrink and appear chalk-like.
- Head of larvae is unaffected and there is no smell from the dead larvae
Life span of worker bees?
- Summer: 4-6 weeks
- Winter: 4-5 months
Which organ is the target of nosemosis?
It develops exclusively within the cells of the epithelium of the mid-gut
Which occurs in Hungary, V.destructor or V. jacobsoni?
V. destructor
Small beehive beetle?
- Aethina tumida
- Light yellowish brown at first and becomes brown, dark brown and black at full maturity
- Covered with fine hair
- They put stress on the colonies
- Larvae are scavengers and eat live brood and honey, defecate in the honey
& promote fermentation
Which haplotype occurs in Hungary? Japanese or Korean?
- Korean type - Varoa destructor
2 genus of flies causing Apimyasis?
- Melaloncha ronnai: Brazil
- Rondaniooestrus apivorus: South Africa
What is the result of European foul brood?
- Caused by Melissococcus plutonius
- Must be reported to OIE
- Larvae are susceptible at any age of their unsealed life and often have no symptoms
- Larvae appear pale yellow and then brown, become displaced and curled upwards in their cell and then die
- The dead larva can have foul or sour smell, but not always as it can depend on the bacteria
- The scales to not adhere to the cell wall and can be removed easily
What are the foul brood bacteria?
- Paenibaccilus larvae = Gram + and spore forming - AFV
- Melissococcus plutonius = Gram + but no spores - EFV
How to diagnose viral diseases?
- Cultivation in adult for antiserum production
- Agar gel diffusion test
- Elisa
- PCR
- Symptoms
What is propolis?
- Brownish resinous material collected by bees from the bud of trees and used
as cement in repairing and maintaining the hive. - Also used to sterilise the cells after larvae, honey or pollen.
- Important for prevention of infection
- Functions as a natural defence and immune system of the hive
Which bee is in Europe?
- Apis mellifera
Which bacterium can be isolated from an uncapped dead larvae?
- Melissococcus plutonius (EFV)
- M. pluton and secondary organism —> larva dies before it is capped and found by the nursing bees
- Bacillus alvei - diseased larvae are capped and fail to pupate
How many larval stages are the in the bee?
5 stages
Which sex of mites infects the trachea of bee?
- The female - lays eggs and male appears 11-12 days later
Which will be sick of Nosemosis?
- Adults only!
- Mainly the workers but also queen and drones can be affected
What is the agent causing Nosemosis and what is the infective form of it?
- Nosema apis, N. ceranae - infective part is the spore
How many breathing holes does the bee have?
- 10 pairs of spiracles
How old are the larvae that can get sick of sacbrood?
- Larvae that are about 2 days old are most susceptible
What will hatch from a haploid egg?
- Drones (unfertilised)
What will hatch from diploid egg?
- Workers and queens (fertilised)
To whom is the royal jelly given?
- Queen, queen larvae and eggs are also laid in it
Name 2 glands of workers
- Pharyngeal gland
- Wax gland
- Submandibular gland
- Sting
Describe the compound eye?
- 3 ocelli and 2 oculus compositus
- Drone has about 9500 while other have about 4500
What are the tasks of 3-5 day old workers?
- Feeding older larvae
Name 4 viral diseases?
- Chronic paralysis virus (CPV)
- Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)
- Sacbrood virus (SBV)
- Deformed wing virus (DWV)
- Cloudy wing virus (CWV
What is beewolf?
- Philantus triangulum: Wasp
- Females lie down their eggs on dead bees and larvae feed on the dead bees
as bees cannot kill them
What is stonebrood?
- Fungal infection by Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigates which causes aspergillosis.
- May cause respiratory diseases in animals, man (zoonotic) and birds
- Toxins can kill adult honey bees
- Fungi can multiply in adult bees
What is the infective form of the Malphigamoebosis?
- The cyst + vegetative
What age of bees are susceptible for Malphigamoebosis?
- The adult bees, they ingest the cysts
Treatment of Nosemosis?
- Fumagillin or other antibiotics , cleaning and disinfecting the hives and combs
What does hygienic strain mean?
- Apis mellifera perform hygienic behaviour - they quickly detect, uncap and remove and diseased brood.
- It depends on 2 recessive genes: R and U
- Hygienic colony = uurr
- Unhygienic colony = UURR
- F1 hybrid - unhygienic colony = UuRr
Name 2 non-infectious diseases
- Neglected brood
- Chilled brood
- Starved brood
- Overheating
- Genetic lethality
Where is the infectious nosema?
- Epithelium of mid-gut.
Colony collapse disorder?
- Causes losses up to 30-90%
- Collapsed colonies: Complete absence of adult bees, presence of capped brood and food stores
- Actively collapsing: An insufficient workforce to maintain the brood that is
present. Workforce made up of young bees, queen is present
Where is the wax gland found?
- Between 3rd-6th segment in workers
Pathogen of chalk brood?
- Ascosphaera apis (pericystis apis)
