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Bee hygiene > 8. infections caused by fungi > Flashcards

8. infections caused by fungi Flashcards

1
Q

chalk brood pathogen

A

ascosphaerosis larvarum - ascosphaea apis

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2
Q

when was chalk brood discovered

A

1911 - present in worldwide colonies

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3
Q

pathogenesis of mature ascoma - chalk brood

A
  • Dark brown
  • transparent ascoma walls
  • small spherical shaped asci
  • when ascoma’s rupture spores released
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4
Q

predisposing factors of chalk brood

A
  • high humidity
  • decreased temp
  • early summer
  • small colonies more impacted
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5
Q

how long are chalk brood spores infective for

A

spores infective for 10-15 years

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6
Q

what bees suffer from chalk brood

A

drone larvae

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7
Q

how are spores of chalk brood spread

A

beekeeper activity

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8
Q

age of larvae affected by chalk brood

A

only 3-4 day old larvae affected

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9
Q

how can a bee get infected per os

A

through host gut lining
hyphae penetrate gut wall
mycelium break out
larvae die

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10
Q

symptoms of chalk brood

A
  • head of larvae will be unaffected
  • no smell of dead larvae
  • young larvae show no signs
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11
Q

colour of dead larvae infected with chalk brood

A
  • mummified
  • chalky white
  • dark blue grey/black
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12
Q

mummies of chalk brood

A

if mummies are still contained in capped cells, shake comb = mummies will be heard rattling in the cells

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13
Q

visual detection of chalk brood

A

beekeeper can diagnose based on hard shrunken chalk like mummies

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14
Q

cultivation of chalk brood

A

with potato dextrose and yeast extract 30 degrees

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15
Q

chemical treatment of chalk brood

A

little effect - spores destroyed with ethylene oxide

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16
Q

Control of chalk brood:

A
  • Re-queening: from chalk brood-free colony recommended
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17
Q

zoonotic fungus remember zoontoic

A

stone brood

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18
Q

what broods does stone brood affect:

A
  • uncapped and capped broods
  • larvae and adult bees
    • affect the head of the larve*
19
Q

predisposition to stone brook:

A

chilly and wet climate

20
Q

most common fungus of stone brood

A
  • aspergillus flavus
  • A fumigatus which is less common
21
Q

colour of stone brood

A

yellow/ grey green

22
Q

where is stone brood found

A

in soil and cereal products - may cause resp diseases in other animals

23
Q

pathogenesis of stone brood

A

per os by feeding

24
Q

what form on the surface of larvae in stone brood

A
  • conidiophores
  • containing spores
  • false skin forms within 2-3 days
25
Q

symptoms of larvae infected with chalk brood

A
  • white and fluffy then turn brownish green yellow and STONE HARD
  • No smell of dead larva
26
Q

colour of A.flavus stone brood

A

yellow green

27
Q

colour of A. fumigatus stone brood

A

gray green

28
Q

colour of A.niger stone brood

A

black

29
Q

treatment of stone brood

A
  • no effective method
  • kill infected colonies and moult wax - 30 mins at 60 degrees
30
Q

biohazard risks of stone brood

A

aflatoxins are carcinogenic if inhaled or ingested

31
Q

is stone brood notifiable

A

only in several countries

32
Q

Nosemosis affect ?

A
  • adult bees (worker, queens and drones)
33
Q

When can Nosemosis be infected?

A

after emerging

34
Q

Pathogens of Nosemosis:

A
  • Nosema ceranae
  • Nosema apis
35
Q

Infective stage of Nosemosis ?

A
  • Spore
36
Q

what are spores in Nosemosis resistant to ?

A
  • environmental degradation
  • retain their viability for > 1 year
37
Q

Pathogenesis of Nosemosis:

A
  • spores after 5 days at 30degree, voided in the excreta of the bee
38
Q

wich time of the year do you see symptoms of Nosemosis:

A
  • autumn
  • winter
  • sometimes early spring
39
Q

Symptoms fo Nosemosis:

A
  • dysentry
  • unable to fly and may crawl about the hive entrance or stand trembling on top of the frames
  • signs of faeces on combs during winter with may be dark and scaly in cells
40
Q

What happens with infected queens and workers in Nosemosis:

A
  • queens: egg laying and die within 1-2 weeks
  • workers: start to forage earlier
41
Q

What is the most globally prevalent honeybee:

A

Nosema Ceranae

42
Q

Diagnosis of Nosemosis:

A
  • microscopic examination of digestive tract of dead adults
  • PCR
  • detection of spores
43
Q

Which staining do we use in diagnose of Nosemosis?

A

methyl blue staining

44
Q

Treatatment of Nosemosis:

A
  • Fumagillin (25 mg active per litre of sugar syrup) antibiotic preferably at time when colony likely to encounter stress condition, such as during long winter / rainy season
  • should disinfect heavily infected colonies

Bee hygiene (19 decks)

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