Basic Science Of Depression And Anxiety

Question 1

Cognitive abnormalities such as impaired memory and feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt come from

Answer 1

Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Question 2

Mediates anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) and decreased motivation

Answer 2

Nucleus Acumbens

Question 3

Ventricular enlargement, increased CSF, and periventricular hyperintensity have been seen with

Answer 3

Depression

Question 4

We also see reduced volume in caudate and basal ganglia, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and gurus rictus with

Answer 4

Depression

Question 5

People that are at high risk for MDD have a thinner

Answer 5

Right lateral cortex

Question 6

However, people who actually have MDD have a thinner

Answer 6

Left medial cortex

Question 7

Smaller hippocampal volume may predispose to

Answer 7

PTSD

Question 8

Smaller preventable anterior cingulate cortex volume may result from

Answer 8

PTSD

Question 9

Activated head of the caudate, anterior cingulate gurus, and orbitofrontal cortex are neuronal activity correlates for

Answer 9

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Question 10

Relates to Tourette’s and Huntington’s

-The same pathways are affected resulting in hyperactivity of motor function

Answer 10

OCD

Question 11

Have fewer GABA receptors which results in increased activity in the amygdala and frontal cortex

Answer 11

Panic Disorder

Question 12

Thus, what can we use to treat panic disorder?

Answer 12

Benzos, barbituates, alcohol, and steroids

Question 13

Depression represents a decreased availability of either

Answer 13

5-HT, NE, or both

Question 14

Typically shows decreased 5-HT, dopamine, and NE

Answer 14

Depression

Question 15

Characterized by increased dopamine

Answer 15

Mania

Question 16

Typically shows decreased GABA, increased NE, and altered 5-HT

Answer 16

Anxiety

Question 17

What percentage of depression patients are treatment resistant?

Answer 17

30-46%

Question 18

Problems in the glucocorticoid release feedback mechanism cause

Answer 18

Mood disorders

Question 19

Mediate the neuroanatomical changes during stress and antidepressant treatment

Answer 19

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Question 20

Enhances dendritic branching and synapse number

Answer 20

BDNF

Question 21

Can be affected by stress and neurotrophic should as well as other stimuli that have anti-depressant like effects

Answer 21

Neurogenesis

Question 22

Stress and drug abuse inhibit

Answer 22

Neurogenesis

Question 23

Neurogenesis is required for antidepressant actions. Thus lack of neurogenesis may result in

Answer 23

Depression-like behavior

Question 24

In healthy people, when we inject dexamethasone, you will not release

Answer 24

Glucocorticoids

Question 25

When injected with dexmethasone, still release glucocorticoids

Answer 25

Depressed Patients

Question 26

Says that there are reduced levels of GABA which cause depression

Answer 26

GABA hypothesis

Question 27

GABA levels are reduced in CSF and plasma and fewer GABAergic neurons in

Answer 27

Depression

Question 28

Reduced glutamate neurotransmission causes

Answer 28

Depression

Question 29

Inhibits NMDA receptors but increases AMPA receptor levels and thus has strong antidepressant effects

Answer 29

Ketamine

Question 30

63% of SSRI resistant patients respond to

Answer 30

Ketamine Treatment

Question 31

Patients with autoimmune diseases or treated with recombinant interferon often suffer from

Answer 31

Depression

Question 32

Blocking cytokines pathways in mice has

Answer 32

Antidepressant phenotype

Question 33

Increases his tone and DNA methylation causing reduced transcription of genes involved in antidepressant effects

Answer 33

Stress

Question 34

Histone acetylation promotes transcription so histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors act as

Answer 34

Antidepressants

Question 35

Used to induce a grand meal seizure which increases sensitivity and number of 5-HT receptors and increases neurogenesis

Answer 35

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Question 36

The major side effect of ECT is

Answer 36

Retrograde amnesia