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607 Bacteriology > Bacterial Physiology > Flashcards

Bacterial Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

binary fission

A

the way which bacteria reproduce

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2
Q

Does bacteria grow linearly or exponentially?

A

exponential growth

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3
Q

mass of one bacterial cell

A
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4
Q

generation (doubling) time

A

the amount of time required for one bacterium to become two

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5
Q

Typical generation time for medically important bacteria under ideal conditions?

A

20 minutes

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6
Q

Are Mycobacterium notoriously fast or slow replicators?

A

slow - 20 hours to 20 days!

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7
Q

Generation time for Clostridium perfringens?

A

~6 minutes

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8
Q

4 Parts of the Sigmoid Growth Curve

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Logarithmic phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death/decline phase
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9
Q

Lag phase

A

time for bacteria to adjust to a new environment; maturing but not yet able to divide; synthesis of molecules does occur

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10
Q

Logarithmic phase

A

period characterized by cell doubling (exponential)

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11
Q

Stationary phase

A

growth and death rate are equal here
due to depletion of a necessary nutrient or formation of inhibitory product

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12
Q

Death/Decline phase

A

bacteria die due to too many toxins, lack of nutrients, temperature out of survival range, host immune response, etc.

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13
Q

One (1) Colony on an Agar Plate is a result of how many cell divisions?

A

20-30 cell divisions of a single cell - can be more than a billion bacteria!

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14
Q

Typical optimal pH requirements?

A

between 7.2 and 7.6

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15
Q

Typical optimal temperature requirement for growth of most pathogenic bacteria?

A

37 C

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16
Q

Methods used to control bacterial growth?

A

refrigeration and sterilization by heat

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17
Q

Will heat kill spores?

A

no guarantee, they’re hardy little buggers

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18
Q

psychrophile

A

capable of reproduction at low temperature (10 C)

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19
Q

mesophile

A

grows best in moderate temperature (37 C, majority of microbes)

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20
Q

thermophile

A

grows best at higher than normal temperature (65 C)

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21
Q

hyperthermophile

A

very high thermostability (over 90 C)

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22
Q

heterotroph

A

must ingest biomass to grow, and that biomass can be converted to the essential nutrients of carbon, nitrogen, cofactors, etc.

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23
Q

cyanobacteria

A

able to carry out photosynthesis and can sustain themselves

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24
Q

prototrophs

A

WILD-TYPE bacteria that can synthesize all compounds needed for growth from simple ingredients

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25
auxotrophs
mutant bacteria that are unable to synthesize a particular compound (AA, nucleotide, etc) required for its growth
26
fastidious organisms
organisms with a complex nutritional requirement and will only grow if cofactors are provided in their diet
27
Minimum nutritional requirements for bacterial replication (4)
1. Water 2. Carbon 3. Nitrogen 4. inorganic salts
28
Water makes up ___% total weight of bacterial cells.
80%
29
Components of a Bacterial Cell
water, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, peptidoglycan, and other low molecular weight compounds
30
Two Types of Growth Factors
1. Essential 2. Accessory
31
iron
an essential growth factor for bacteriar
32
growth factor
certain compound in minute quantities for bacterial growth
33
obligate (strict) aerobes
require oxygen
34
microaerophiles
need oxygen, but poisoned if the levels of oxygen are too high
35
facultative aerobes/anaerobes
can switch between energy metabolism pathways depending on the presence or lack of oxygen
36
aerotolerant anaerobes
can only generate energy via anaerobic metabolism but can tolerate the presence of oxygen
37
obligate anaerobes
oxygen is TOXIC (will kill or inhibit their growth)
38
What type of growth is occurring in each of the following test tubes (choices listed)? aerobic, facultative, aerotolerant, microaerophilic, anaerobic
39
3 Different Methods of Energy Metabolism
1. Aerobic Respiration 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Fermentation
40
Is any additional ATP made in the fermentation pathway?
no - only has the ATP from glycolysis
41
Which method(s) of energy metabolism do not require oxygen?
anaerobic respiration and fermentation
42
2 Different Fermentation Pathways
1. Homolactic acid 2. Alcoholic
43
What is NEVER the final electron receptor in anaerobic respiration?
oxygen, of course!
44
4 Subpathways of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis 2. synthesis of Acetyl-CoA 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron transport chain
45
Most energy efficient pathway?
aerobic respiration
46
ATP produced by Aerobic Respiration
38
47
ATP produced by Anaerobic Respiration
36 or less (usually less)
48
ATP produced by Fermentation
2
49
What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack (in general)?
those which detoxify oxygen species (superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxidases)
50
reducing agents
components that can be added to sample to allow culture of anaerobes so they may grow in low oxygen conditions
51
Mitsubishi box
name brand anaerobic chamber of sorts, does not require reducing agents?
52
sulfhydryl group
commonly used reducing agent to take the oxygen away
53
Functions of Reducing Agents in the Medium
1. Absorb oxygen 2. Reduce H2O2
54
Primary factor in the growth of anaerobes?
Redox potential! (Eh)
55
Effect of Oxygen on Redox Potential
increase in oxygen increases the redox potential, therefore preventing the growth of anaerobes
56
Reduction
gain of electrons
57
Oxidation
loss of electrons
58
Nernst Equation
just to look at, not to memorize
59
What happens as Eh falls below 150 mvolts?
lower redox potential = good reducing environment = promotes growth of anaerobes
60
Eh of Normal Healthy Tissue
~ +150 mvolts
61
Conditions which can lower Eh values (4)
-Loss of vascular supply to tissue -Trauma, foreign bodies, pressure from casts -Acid production by aerobes or facultative anaerobes -Tissue necrosis from trauma, infection, or surgical manipulation
62
Are most anaerobic infections exogenously or endogenously acquired?
endogenously - meaning these are related to factors compromising the host like trauma, antibiotic therapy, or underlying illness

607 Bacteriology (24 decks)

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