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CP reviewer 1 > Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

By the gram stain

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2
Q

What are the 3 main Gram +ve cocci?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Streptococcus pyogenes
  3. Streptococcus agalactiae
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3
Q

What are the 2 main Gram -ve cocci?

A
  1. Neisseria meningitidis

2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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4
Q

How do cocci differ from bacilli?

A

Cocci are round cells.

Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria.

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5
Q

What classification does ‘Bacillus anthracis’ belong to?

A

Grame +ve bacilli

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6
Q

What classification does ‘Clostridium difficile’ belong to?

A

Gram +ve bacilli

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7
Q

What classification does ‘Salmonella typhi’ belong to?

A

Gram -ve bacilli

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8
Q

What classification does Escherichia coli (E. coli) belong to?

A

Gram -ve bacilli

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9
Q

What are coccobacilli?

A

A type of bacterium with a shape between cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shaped).

Coccobacilli, then, are very short rods which may be mistaken for cocci.

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10
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. coccus
  2. bacillus
  3. spiral
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11
Q

What classification does Helicobacter belong to?

A

Spiral bacteria

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12
Q

What classification does Haemophilus belong to?

A

Gram -ve coccobacilli

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13
Q

How does the cell wall of a Gram + bacteria compare to a Gram -?

A

Gram positive bacteria have thicker cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.

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14
Q

What are the cell walls of bacteria composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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15
Q

How does a thicker cell wall (Gram +) affect the stain? What colour is given?

A

Thicker cell walls of Gram + bacteria can hold dye better –> stain is blue

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16
Q

How does a thinner cell wall (Gram -) affect the stain? What colour is given?

A

Thinner cell walls unable to hold dye –> stain is pinky-red

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17
Q

What colour do Gram + bacteria appear?

A

Dark blue

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18
Q

What colour do Gram - bacteria appear?

A

Pink/red

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19
Q

What are the 3 factors behind bacteria causing particular infections?

A
  1. Host factors
  2. Opportunity
  3. Bacterial factors
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20
Q

What does ‘host factors’ involve?

A
  1. Immune system

2. Devices (e.g. urinary catheter)

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21
Q

How may a catheter lead to infection?

A

Bypass normal structural integrity –> catheter may become colonised

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22
Q

What does ‘bacterial factors’ involve?

A

Virulence, resistance, environmental survival

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23
Q

Define virulence

A

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease in the host.

E.g. avoiding host immune responses

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24
Q

What does ‘opportunity’ involve?

A
  1. Exposure to pathogens

2. Normal flora

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25
Q

Where is Staphylococcus aureus found?

A

Skin, nose, vagina

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26
Q

What normal flora is E. coli part of?

A

Bowel flora (in most humans)

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27
Q

Due to the location of E. coli in human, what does this cause a risk of?

Why is this risk greater in females?

A

Colonisation of urethral meatus and surrounding area –> can cause UTI by travelling up urethra to bladder (or bypassing via catheter)

Short urethra in females

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28
Q

What abilities does E. coli bacteria have that enable them to cause UTIs?

A
  1. Able to adhere to uroepithelial cells/urinary catheter materials
  2. Triggers host inflammatory response in bladder
  3. Able to develop resistance to antibiotics
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29
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of UTI?

A

E. coli (80%)

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30
Q

What is S. aureus able to adhere to? How can it cause infection?

A

Able to adhere to damaged skin

Produces exoenzymes and toxins that can damage tissues and provoke host response (e.g. pus formation)

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31
Q

Describe shape/arrangement of S. aureus?

A

cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as “bunches of grapes”

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32
Q

What bacteria is the commonest cause of skin/soft tissue infections (including of surgical site infections)?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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33
Q

S. aureus can be invasive. What diseases can this lead to?

A

Bacteraemia / septicaemia

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34
Q

What is bacteraemia?

A

Bacteraemia occurs when bacteria get into the blood stream

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35
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Blood stream infection, implies greater severity and clinical significance.

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36
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of bacteraemia?

A

S. aureus

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37
Q

What other conditions can S. aureus cause?

A

Osteomyelitis/septic arthritis

Endocarditis

Pneumonia

UTI (less common)

Meningitis (rare)

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38
Q

Where is Staphylococcus epidermidis found?

A

Skin (normal flora), nostrils

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39
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

A group of microorganisms that do not usually infect healthy hosts but produce infections in hospitals (to immunodepressed persons or those presenting underlying diseases such as as cystic fibrosis, which favors infection)

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40
Q

What makes S. epidermis less able to cause infections?

A

Doesn’t have the same exoenzymes or toxin capabilities

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41
Q

What gives S. epidermis the ability to cause infection?

Where does S. epidermis cause infections?

A

Can adhere to plastics/metals using glycocalyx (‘slime’), forming biofilms.

Therefore…

Causes infection in association with ‘foreign bodies’ e.g. intravascular catheters, prosthetic joints, prosthetic cardiac valves, etc

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42
Q

What can Streptococcus pyogenes also be referred to as?

A

Group A Strep

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43
Q

Which bacteria is the commonest cause of bacterial sore throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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44
Q

What classification is Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Gram-positive cocci

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45
Q

What classification is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

Gram-positive cocci

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46
Q

What classification is S. aureus?

A

Gram-positive cocci

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47
Q

What other diseases does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Scarlet Fever (strawberry pink tongue)

Necrotising fasciitis

Other SSTIs

Invasive infections (such as pneumonia)

Puerperal sepsis

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48
Q

What is Necrotising fasciitis?

A

Flesh-eating disease –> infection that results in the death of parts of the body’s soft tissue.

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49
Q

What bacteria causes scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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50
Q

What is SSTI?

A

Skin and soft tissue infection

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51
Q

What is puerperal sepsis?

A

The infection of the genital tract occurring at labour or within 42 days of the postpartum period

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52
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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53
Q

What classification is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Gram-positive cocci

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54
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis? (except in neonates)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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55
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in neonates?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

56
Q

What can Streptococcus agalactiae also be referred to as?

A

Group B Strep

57
Q

What classification is Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

Gram-positive coccus

58
Q

What is the Streptococcus milleri complex?

A

3 closely related species of pus-forming streptococci

59
Q

What is the Streptococcus milleri complex associated with?

A

Abscesses: dental, lung, liver, brain and others

E.g. damage to gum/teeth can cause oropharyngeal abscesses

60
Q

Where is the Streptococcus milleri complex normally found?

A

on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, oral pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract

61
Q

What are Viridans streptococci?

A

a large group of commensal streptococcal Gram-positive bacteria species that are α-hemolytic

62
Q

Where do Viridans streptococci inhabit?

A

URT (e.g. S. oralis, S. mitis)

63
Q

What classification are Viridans streptococci?

A

Gram-positive coccus

64
Q

What is subacute bacterial endocarditis typically caused by?

A

Viridans streptococci

65
Q

Where is Streptococcus gallolyticus found?

A

Part of bowel flora

66
Q

What can bacteraemia with Streptococcus gallolyticus be associated with?

A

Colonic malignancies (e.g. cancer)

67
Q

What classification is Streptococcus gallolyticus?

A

Gram-positive coccus

68
Q

What classification is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Gram-positive bacillus

69
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is a rare but significant cause of sepsis and meningitis in who?

A

Pregnant women, neonates and immunosuppressed patients

70
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is a zoonosis.

What is zoonosis?

A

diseases that can be passed from animals to humans

e.g. farmers

71
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes associated with?

A

Consuming cheese made from unpasteurised milk and other foodstuffs

72
Q

Why shouldn’t pregnant women consume unpasteurised dairy?

A

Due to bacteria Listeria (monocytogenes)

73
Q

What classification is Corynebacterium species?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

74
Q

Where are Corynebacterium species found?

A

Commensals of skin and URT

75
Q

What are opportunistic infections with Corynebacterium species associated with?

A

Devices and trauma

76
Q

What bacteria is the classic cause of diptheria?

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

77
Q

Why is corynebacterium diphtheriae rarely seen in UK?

A

Immunisation

78
Q

What classification is Propionibacterium acnes / Cutibacterium acnes?

A

Gram-positive baccilus

79
Q

What bacteria is acne associated with?

A

Cutibacterium acnes

80
Q

What else can Cutibacterium acnes cause?

A

Device-associated and post-procedural infections

81
Q

What classification is Enterobacteriaceae (‘coliforms’)?

A

Gram-negative bacilli

82
Q

What is Enterobacteriaceae (‘coliforms’)? Where is it found?

A

A collective term for a number of species of gram negative bacilli found in bowel flora

83
Q

What are 3 common species of Enterobacteriaceae?

A
  1. Escherichia coli (E. coli)
  2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  3. Enterobacter cloacae
84
Q

What bacteria is the commonest cause of UTIs?

A

E. coli

85
Q

What bacteria is the commonest cause of bacteraemia?

A

E. coli

86
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

Infections originating in hospitals

87
Q

What nosocomial infections can E. coli cause?

A

Line infections, pneumonia, wound infections

88
Q

What are toxigenic strains of E. coli (e.g. O157) associated with?

A

severe diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

89
Q

What classification is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Gram-negative bacillus

90
Q

What is important to note clinically about Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Multi-resistant to antibiotics and opportunistic pathogen

91
Q

What diseases can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

respiratory infections, UTIs, soft-tissue and other infections in vulnerable patients

92
Q

In the labs, what colour pigment does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

A

Green

93
Q

What classification is Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram-negative diplococcus

94
Q

What diseases can Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

meningococcal sepsis and/or meningitis

95
Q

What is an important presentation of meningococcal infection?

A

A purpuric non-blanching rash

96
Q

What is a purpuric non-blanching rash?

A

Purpuric - skin rash in which small spots of blood appear on the skin

Non blanching - rash that does not fade under pressure. The “glass test” - When a clear glass is pressed firmly against the skin the rash is still visible.

97
Q

What classification is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram-negative diplococcus

98
Q

What bacteria causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

99
Q

What is ophthalmia neonatorum? What is it caused by?

A

An eye infection that occurs within the first 30 days of life.

It is caught during birth by contact with the mother’s birth canal that is infected with a sexually-transmitted disease.

100
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae can occasionally cause invasive infections (e.g. septic arthritis) secondary to what?

A

Primary sexually transmitted infections

101
Q

What classifications is Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Gram-negative bacillus

102
Q

Where is Haemophilus influenzae normally found?

A

Part of normal respiratory tract flora

103
Q

What infections can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Respiratory tract infections (e.g. pneumonia, infective exacerbations of COPD)

104
Q

Are most strains of Haemophilus influenzae capsulated or non capsulated?

A

Non capsulated

105
Q

A few strains of Haemophilus influenzae are capsulated.

What does this mean?

A

The bacterial capsule is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope and is part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell.

It is a well-organised layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases.

106
Q

What diseases can CAPSULATED types (e.g. type b) of Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Meningitis and epiglottitis

107
Q

What is the HIb vaccine?

A

Vaccine prevents Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection

108
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

Organisms that grow in the absence of oxygen

109
Q

What 4 bacteria make up the Clostridium species?

A
  1. C. difficile
  2. C. perfringens
  3. C. tetani
  4. C. botulinum
110
Q

What classification is the Clostridium species?

A

Gram-positive bacillus (spore forming)

111
Q

What disease can C. difficile cause?

A

Bacteria that can infect the bowel and cause diarrhoea.

The infection most commonly affects people who have recently been treated with antibiotics.

112
Q

What bacteria is the classic cause of gas gangrene?

A

C. perfringens

113
Q

What is ‘gas gangrene’?

A

Bacterium C. perfringens develops in an injury or surgical wound that’s depleted of blood supply.

The bacterial infection produces toxins that release gas and cause tissue death.

114
Q

What bacteria is the classic cause of tetanus?

A

C. tetani

115
Q

What bacteria is the classic cause of botulism?

A

C. botulinum

116
Q

What is botulism?

A

Bacteria attack the nervous system and cause paralysis

117
Q

What is the Mycobacterium species often referred to as?

A

Acid Fast Bacilli (AFBs)

118
Q

Are Mycobacterium species stained using the conventional gram staining?

A

No

119
Q

What is the most important species in the Mycobacterium species?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

120
Q

What bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

121
Q

What are ‘Atypical Mycobacteria’?

A

infections caused by a species of mycobacterium other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis

122
Q

What can atypical Mycobacteria cause?

A

respiratory infections in those with chronic lung disease or opportunistic infections in immuno-compromised patients e.g. AIDS, transplant patients, etc

123
Q

Which bacteria lack a conventional cell wall?

A
  • Chlamydia species

- Mycoplasma species (e.g. M. pneumoniae)

124
Q

What bacteria is the commonest cause of STI? What does it cause?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis - causes chlamydia

125
Q

What does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

Common cause of respiratory tract infections

126
Q

Why can gram stains not be used for Chlamydia species and Mycoplasma species?

A

They lack a cell wall

127
Q

What are Spirochaetes?

A

any of a group of spiral-shaped bacteria

128
Q

What diseases do Spirochaetes cause?

A
  • Syphilis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Lyme disease
129
Q

What bacteria causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

130
Q

Which of the following are ‘Gram Negative’ bacteria?

A] Streptococcus pneumoniae
B] Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C] Escherichia coli
D] Listeria monocytogenes
E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae
F] Mycoplasma pneumoniae
A

C] Escherichia coli

E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae

131
Q

Do mycobacteria stain the gram stain?

A

No

132
Q

Which of these bacteria is a common cause of skin infection?

A] Klebsiella pneumoniae
B] Streptococcus pneumoniae
C] Haemophilus influenzae
D] Neisseria meningitidis
E] Staphylococcus aureus
F] Clostridium difficile
A

E] Staphylococcus aureus

133
Q

Which of the following is the most common sexually transmitted infection?

A] Chlamydia trachomatis
B] Treponema pallidum
C] Corynebacterium diphtheriae
D] Staphylococcus aureus
E] Neisseria gonorrhoeae
F] Viridans streptococci
A

A] Chlamydia trachomatis

134
Q

Which of the following can cause meningitis?

A] Neisseria meningitidis
B] Streptococcus pneumoniae
C] Listeria monocytogenes
D] Streptococcus agalactiae
E] Haemophilus influenzae
F] Staphylococcus aureus
A

ALL OF THEM

135
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for puerperal sepsis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)

CP reviewer 1 (59 decks)

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