Bacterial Genetics

Question 1

Unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

involves recipient cell uptake of naked (free) DNA released into the environment when another bacterial cell (i.e., the donor)dies and undergoes lysis

Answer 2

Transformation

Question 3

Where does posttranslational modification usually occurs?

Answer 3

golgi apparatus

Question 4

vital to cellular metabolism; present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Answer 4

Cytoplasmic Inner Membrane

Question 5

Nonchromosomal element that is use as a determinant of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 5

Plasmids

Question 6

establishes a conjugative bridge that serves as the conduit for DNA transfer from donor to recipient cell.

Answer 6

sex pilus

Question 7

These are highly complex mechanisms by which single-cell organisms are able to respond and adapt to environmental challenges

Answer 7

genetic control

Question 8

Most notably use by Gram-negative bacteria; The gluconate is phosphorylated, dehydrated, and converted into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde, leading to ethanol production

Answer 8

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Question 9

gene group that is referred when a cluster of genes is under the control of a single promoter sequence

Answer 9

Operon

Question 10

processing of information encoded in genetic elements

Answer 10

Gene Expression

Question 11

This reversible regulation is clearly evident in the expression of virulence genes in many known pathogens including E. coli, Shigella spp., and Yersinia spp.

Answer 11

riboswitches

Question 12

(sequence recognition site

Answer 12

anticodon

Question 13

product of transcription

Answer 13

RNA

Question 14

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific
product (RNA or protein)

Answer 14

Gene

Question 16

Considered the major pathway in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

Answer 16

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

Question 17

close contact of cell; transfer of genetic material from donor bacterial strain to recipient strain; involves sex pilus

Answer 17

Conjugation

Question 18

An aerobic process and usually use by Pseudomonas spp., Alcaligenaceae, Enterococcus faecalis, and other bacteria
that are lacking certain glycolytic enzyme

Answer 18

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Question 19

serve as adhesins that help bacteria attach to animal host cell surfaces, often as the first step in establishing infection

Answer 19

Fimbriae or pili

Question 20

limited to containing the genes that encode information required for movement from one site in the genome to another

Answer 20

Insertion sequences

Question 21

Gram stain color for Gram positive bacteria

Answer 21

Deep blue or purple

Question 22

Bacteria with mycolic acid in the cells walls require another type of staining technique called:

Answer 22

Acid Fast Stain

Question 23

Process when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

Answer 23

Aerobic Respiration

Question 24

gives the bacterial cell shape and strength

Answer 24

Cell Wall

Question 25

a type of energy production where high-energy phosphate bonds produced by the central pathways are donated to (ADP) to form ATP

Answer 25

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Question 26

In this process, some segment of DNA originating from one bacterial cell (i.e., the donor) enters a second bacterial cell (i.e., the recipient) and is exchanged with a DNA segment of the recipient’s genome.

Answer 26

Genetic recombination

Question 27

Product of replication

Answer 27

Copy of DNA

Question 28

involves tRNAs and a host of elongation factors that mediate the sequential addition of aminoacids

Answer 28

Elongation

Question 29

capable of replication independently of the host chromosome

Answer 29

Episomes

Question 30

hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment

Answer 30

Fimbriae or pili

Question 31

waterfilled structures control the passage of nutrients and other solutes, including antibiotics, through the outer membrane

Answer 31

Porins

Question 32

transfer of a bacterial gene by a bacteriophage to another bacteria

Answer 32

Transduction

Question 33

Pathway use by many members of enterobacteriaceae family which are mostly fermenters

Answer 33

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

Question 34

Gram Rule: All (most) cocci are gram positive except?

Answer 34

NVM (NeVerMind) Neisseria Veillonella Moraxella

Question 35

product of translation

Answer 35

proteins and amino acids

Question 36

viruses capable of infecting bacteria

Answer 36

Bacteriophages

Question 37

occurs when the ribosomal A site encounters a stop or nonsense codon that does not specify an amino acid

Answer 37

termination

Question 38

genome that is organized into discrete elements

Answer 38

Chromosomes

Question 39

cells that characterized sex pilus produce this protein

Answer 39

F factor

Question 40

found only in gramnegative bacteria; consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients fromthe environment

Answer 40

periplasmic space

Question 41

utilization of metabolic pathways involved in the acquisition of nutrients from the environment,production of precursor metabolites, and energy production

Answer 41

Fueling

Question 42

3 mechanisms of Genetic Diversity

Answer 42

Mutation Genetic Recombination Genetic Exchange

Question 43

Flagella protein

Answer 43

Flagellin

Question 44

Serves as an alternative to EMP for carbohydrate metabolism;

Answer 44

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 45

found only in gram-negative bacteria,  function as the cell’s initial barrier to the environment

Answer 45

outer membrane

Question 46

double-stranded, closed, circular,autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic elements

Answer 46

Plasmids

Question 47

referred to as the peptidoglycan, or murein layer

Answer 47

Cell Wall

Question 48

Protein structures that are scattered throughout the lipopolysaccharide macromolecules

Answer 48

Porins

Question 49

enzyme central to the transcription process.

Answer 49

RNA polymerase

Question 50

Uses glucose to produce NADPH

Answer 50

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Question 51

Primary stain for Gram stain

Answer 51

Crystal Violet

Question 52

involves an electron transport system

Answer 52

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 53

mRNA molecules that result from the transcription process

Answer 53

polycistronic

Question 54

use by Heterolactic fermenting bacteria such as Lactobacilli and brucella abortus which lacks the enzyme required in the EMP pathway

Answer 54

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 55

All (most) bacilli are GRAM NEGATIVE, except

Answer 55

(BANS CEL) Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Actinomyces Nocardia Streptomyces Clostridium, Corynebacterium Erysipelothrix Listeria, Lactobacillus

Question 56

a fundamental staining technique used in bacterial identification schemes.

Answer 56

Gram Staining

Question 57

Translation: begins with the association of ribosomal subunits,mRNA, formylmethionine (f-met) tRNA (carryingtheinitialamino acid of the protein to be synthesized), andvariousinitiation factors

Answer 57

Initiation

Question 58

group of genes

Answer 58

Genome

Question 59

site of active replication

Answer 59

replication fork

Question 60

cassettes (grouping of genes) flanked by insertion sequences

Answer 60

Composite transposons

Question 61

defined as an alteration in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism’s genome;

Answer 61

Mutation

Question 62

involves the direct interactions with genes and their ability to be transcribed to mRNA

Answer 62

genetic control

Question 63

pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa

Answer 63

Transposons

Question 64

a primary intermediate in the central pathways, serves as the initial substrate for several other pathways to generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 64

Pyruvate

Question 65

occurs under anaerobic environment and does not require oxygen

Answer 65

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

Question 66

one of the two DNA strands that encodes for a functional gene product

Answer 66

Sense strand

Question 67

The three mechanisms by which bacteria physically exchange DNA are

Answer 67

Transformation Transduction Conjugation

Question 68

Confers protection top the bacteria and allows bacteria to evade the immunesystem

Answer 68

Capsule

Question 69

Term when flagella is located at one end of the cell

Answer 69

monotrichous flagella

Question 70

facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic (e.g., teeth)and inanimate (e.g., prostheticheart valves)surfaces through the formation of “slime layers”or biofilms

Answer 70

Capsule

Question 71

involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes,

Answer 71

periplasmic space