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Acid-Base & RNA Viruses > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

gram ____ has a lipoprotein outer wall

A

negative

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2
Q

the cell wall of bacertai contains _______, which prevents osmotic lysis

A

proteoglycan

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3
Q

inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan is one mechanism of action for ________

A

antimicrobials

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4
Q

so bacteria are also ______ with a polysaccharide coating which prevents phagocytosis

A

encapsulated

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5
Q

transpeptidase catalyzes the formation of the _____

A

cell wall

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6
Q

penicillin binds to _______ to inhibit it

A

transpeptidase

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7
Q

mycobacteria (TB), spirochetes, and mycoplasma are exceptions to _____ _____

A

gram stain

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8
Q

in gram ________, the peptidoglycan layer does not block diffusion of LMW compounds, so substances that damage the cytopasmic membrane can pass through

A

positive

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9
Q

in gram _____, the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane blocks the passage of substances to the peptidoglycan layer

A

negative

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10
Q

antibiotics and chemicals that attack the peptidoglycan wall are unable to pass through in _____ ______

A

gram negative

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11
Q

grape like cluster is _________

A

staphylococci

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12
Q

staphylococcus is the _____, whereas staphylococcus auras is the ________

A

genus

species

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13
Q

hydrogen peroxide is broken down by _______ and _______

A

catalase and peroxidase

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14
Q

coagulase activates ______, causing blood to clot

A

prothrombin

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15
Q

obligate aerobes cannot live without _____. they have catalase, peroxides, and superoxide dismutase

A

oxygen

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16
Q

facultative _____ can grow in air or under low oxygen tension

A

aerobes

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17
Q

______ aerobes have the faculties to be anaerobes but prefer aerobic conditions

A

facultative

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18
Q

obligate _______ are killed by oxygen. They have no enzymes to protect them

A

anaerobes

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19
Q

microaerophilic bacteria use _________ and have no ETC. they have tolerate low levels of oxygen. They don’t have catalase.

A

fermentation

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20
Q

________ infect deep tissues and are often associated with gas production

A

anaerobes

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21
Q

flagella is for mobility, _____ are for adhesion/binding, and capsules are for ______ from phagocytosis

A

pili

protection

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22
Q

endospores have _______ and are resistant to the environment

A

dormancy

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23
Q

_________ is the body’s solution to encapsulation

A

opsonization

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24
Q

facultative intracellular organisms are _______ by the host’s macrophages but they ______ within the WBC by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion. They escape the host’s _______ peroxide and superoxide radicals

A

phagocytized

survive

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25
Q

exotoxins are _____ released from both gram ______ and gram negative bacteria

A

proteins

positive

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26
Q

almost all gram _____ have _____ (except listeria)

A

positive

exotoxins

27
Q

enterotoxins are infectious ______ or food poisoning. Bacteria bind to the ____ _____

A

diarrhea

GI tract

28
Q

In food poisoning, bacteria grow in the food and release ________ in the food. This results in diarrhea and vomiting for less tha ______ hours

A

enterotoxin

24 hrs

29
Q

botulism and tetanus release ________

A

neurotoxins

30
Q

pyogenic exotoxins stimulate the release of ________ and cause rash, fever, toxic shock syndrome (staph aureus and strep progenies)

A

cytokines

31
Q

endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides within gram ______ outer membrane released with the death of the bacterium

A

negative

32
Q

endotoxins are only in ______ ______

A

gram negative

33
Q

endotoxins are not a _______ excreted like exotoxin, but a normal part of the _____ _____

A

protein

outer membrane

34
Q

bacteremia can lead to ______, which causes a systemic immune response

A

sepsis

35
Q

in septic shock, both gram ______ and gram ______ infection

A

positive and negative

36
Q

________ are part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and are ________when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

A

endotoxins

liberated

37
Q

_______ are produced in _____ ______ and are released following lysis

A

exotoxins

gram positive

38
Q

DNA fragments from one bacterium can incorporate itself into another _______

A

bacterium

39
Q

a virus can infect a bacteria in ________, making it a bacteriophage

A

transduction

40
Q

a bacteriophage carries a piece of bacterial ______ from one bacterium to another

A

DNA

41
Q

in ______, DNA is transferred via cell to cell contact

A

conjugation

42
Q

transposons have ______ and carry genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence

A

legs

43
Q

__________ are gram positive spheres (cocci). They differentiate from staph because they are in a _____ versus cluster

A

streptococci

line

44
Q

strep do not have ______ enzyme

A

catalase

45
Q

strep can _______ RBCs

A

hemolyze

46
Q

alpha hemolytic _____lyse, gamma “hemolytic” are unable to hemolyze. Beta completely lyse.

A

partially

47
Q

________ are gram positive cocci in clusters

A

staphylococci

48
Q

staphylococci have ________, blowing oxygen bubbles

A

catalase

49
Q

staph are ____ hemolytic, so they fully lyse RBCs. They are _______ positive.

A

beta

coagulase

50
Q

most staph are ______ resistant because they secrete penicillinase

A

penicillin

51
Q

staphy aureus are also ______ resistant

A

methicillin (MRSA)

52
Q

bacillus are gram ______, aerobic and ___ forming rods

A

positive

spore-forming

53
Q

bacillus anthraces has a ______ that prevents phagocytosis. Spore activates in ____

A

capsule

54
Q

bacillus cereus causes ______ _____

A

food poisoning

55
Q

clostridium are ______ _____, spore forming rods

A

gram positive

56
Q

clostridium is _____, and common in hospitals. Exotoxins are fatal.

A

anaerobic. examples: gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism

57
Q

the most common cause of antibiotic diarrhea is ______ _____ (5-10 days post antibiotic)

A

clostridium difficile

58
Q

C tetani is gram ______ rod, forms _______. Has a neurotoxic ______

A

positive
spores
exotoxin

59
Q

clostridium botulinum is a gram ____ rod. Spores resist ______, and produces neurotoxin

A

positive

boiling

60
Q

corynebacterium diphtheriae colonizes in the ______, forming a gray membrane

A

pharynx

61
Q

corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram _______ _____, but doesn’t for spores

A

positive rod

62
Q

the gram positive rod with an endotoxin is _______

A

listeria

63
Q

listeria is worrisome for neonates, ______ and immunocompromised. Hides in macrophages or neutrophils.

A

pregnancy

Acid-Base & RNA Viruses (15 decks)

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