Acid-Base

Question 1

what are the three components of the buffer system?

Answer 1

buffers of body fluids (ICF and ECF)
respiratory mechanics
renal mechanism

Question 2

small change in pH = ______ change in H concentration

Answer 2

VERY LARGE

Question 3

acids exist as ______ or as ______

Answer 3

volatile

fixed

Question 4

sulfuric and phosphoric acids are examples of ______ acids and are produced by metabolism of proteins and phospholipids

Answer 4

fixed

Question 5

beta-hydroxybuteric and acetoacid are produced in ______ metabolism and are ______ acids

Answer 5

fat metabolism

fixed

Question 6

_______ acids are those we can breathe out

Answer 6

volatile

Question 7

Buffers can ____ free H or _____ a H, so that pH changes ____

Answer 7

absorb
donate
minimall

Question 8

strong acids _____ completely in aqueous solution

Answer 8

dissociate

Question 9

weak acids dissociate _____ and the majority remain ______

Answer 9

slightly

undissociated

Question 10

what is the equilibrium constant?

Answer 10

the point at which for a given acid or base, equilibrium is reached between the dissociated and undissociated form

Question 11

what are the three ECF buffers?

Answer 11

bicarbonate (HC03) (most important)
inorganic phosphate
plasma proteins (trade Ca for H)

Question 12

what are ICF inorganic phosphate examples?

Answer 12

ATP, ADP, AMP, 2-3DPG

Question 13

normal serum level of bicarbonate is ____

Answer 13

18 - 28 mEg/L

Question 14

with alkalemia, there is less ____ in blood, serum, and ECF. As H is pulled off proteins, free ____ occupies those sites on protein, which decreases free Ca. This may result in ________

Answer 14

H
Calcium
carpal pedal spasm

Question 15

what is the slow mechanism in acid base?

Answer 15

the renal acid-based

Question 16

the kidney reabsorbs filtered HC03 in the _______ tubule, which increases HC03 stores

Answer 16

proximal

Question 17

the kidney _____ fixed acids, synthesizes _______, and excretes H as _____

Answer 17

excretes
HC03
NH4

Question 18

the rapid compensation for acid-base occurs in _______

Answer 18

pulmonary

Question 19

when the pH is less than 7.35, ______ may occur. May be the result of an increase in H or a decrease in __________

Answer 19

acidosis

buffering capacity

Question 20

the pH is greater than ______ in alkalosis. This is most commonly a result form a decreased H concentration than increased minute ventilation

Answer 20

7.45

Question 21

increased production of non volatile acids, decreased _____ ______ by the kidney, decreased synthesis of ________ by the kidney, and loss of HC03 in the GI are examples of _________

Answer 21

acid excretion
HC03
metabolic acid-base disturbances

Question 22

hypoxia, anxiety, sepsis, and pregnancy may all cause ________

Answer 22

alkalosis

Question 23

inadequate minute ventilation may result in _______ ______

Answer 23

respiratory acidosis

Question 24

abnormalities of HC03 levels identifies a _______ component

Answer 24

metabolic

Question 25

abnormalities of PC02 levels identify a ______ component

Answer 25

respiratory

Question 26

for each change in PC02 of 10mm, pH will change by _____ in the opposite direction

Answer 26

0.8

Question 27

respiratory acidosis may be caused by problems in the _____, in pulmonary disease states, and in _________ disease states (botulism, tetanus, curare)

Answer 27

CNS (narcotics, barbituates, tumor, stroke, head injury)

neuromuscular

Question 28

COPD, emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, CHF may all cause ______________

Answer 28

respiratory acidosis

Question 29

anxiety, hypoxia, pregnancy, high altitude, sepsis can all cause ________

Answer 29

respiratory alkalosis

Question 30

metabolic acidosis may occur as a result of an ___________, decreased excretion of H in the kidney, and loss of ______ of ____. Lactic acidosis and _____________ are examples

Answer 30

overproduction of acid
HC03 in the GI/renal
diabetic keto acidosis

Question 31

a measure of cation concentration versus anion concentration is called the ______. The normal range is 12 + /- 4

Answer 31

anion gap

Question 32

Anion gap = [Na+] – (HC03 + ____)

Answer 32

Cl

Question 33

the anion gap is _______ in an acidotic patient

Answer 33

increased

Question 34

a low anion gap is often the result of _________

Answer 34

hypoalbuminemia

Question 35

if bicarbonate decreases, what will be compensated? (how will the extra acid be taken care of?)

Answer 35

pc02 will decrease (minute ventilation will increase)

Question 36

if bicarbonate increases, Pc02 will ______

Answer 36

increase, because minute ventilation will decrease

Question 37

if PC02 increases, bicarbonate will _______

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

if Hc03 is low, because of aspirin overdose, what would respiratory partial compensation look like?

Answer 38

increased minute ventilation,which would lower PC02 to lower than normal (24 rather than 40)

Question 39

PC02 is higher (57), pH is 6.96, HC03 is low (13), is a sign of _______

Answer 39

mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis