Acid-Base Flashcards
what are the three components of the buffer system?
buffers of body fluids (ICF and ECF)
respiratory mechanics
renal mechanism
small change in pH = ______ change in H concentration
VERY LARGE
acids exist as ______ or as ______
volatile
fixed
sulfuric and phosphoric acids are examples of ______ acids and are produced by metabolism of proteins and phospholipids
fixed
beta-hydroxybuteric and acetoacid are produced in ______ metabolism and are ______ acids
fat metabolism
fixed
_______ acids are those we can breathe out
volatile
Buffers can ____ free H or _____ a H, so that pH changes ____
absorb
donate
minimall
strong acids _____ completely in aqueous solution
dissociate
weak acids dissociate _____ and the majority remain ______
slightly
undissociated
what is the equilibrium constant?
the point at which for a given acid or base, equilibrium is reached between the dissociated and undissociated form
what are the three ECF buffers?
bicarbonate (HC03) (most important) inorganic phosphate plasma proteins (trade Ca for H)
what are ICF inorganic phosphate examples?
ATP, ADP, AMP, 2-3DPG
normal serum level of bicarbonate is ____
18 - 28 mEg/L
with alkalemia, there is less ____ in blood, serum, and ECF. As H is pulled off proteins, free ____ occupies those sites on protein, which decreases free Ca. This may result in ________
H
Calcium
carpal pedal spasm
what is the slow mechanism in acid base?
the renal acid-based
the kidney reabsorbs filtered HC03 in the _______ tubule, which increases HC03 stores
proximal
the kidney _____ fixed acids, synthesizes _______, and excretes H as _____
excretes
HC03
NH4
the rapid compensation for acid-base occurs in _______
pulmonary
when the pH is less than 7.35, ______ may occur. May be the result of an increase in H or a decrease in __________
acidosis
buffering capacity
the pH is greater than ______ in alkalosis. This is most commonly a result form a decreased H concentration than increased minute ventilation
7.45
increased production of non volatile acids, decreased _____ ______ by the kidney, decreased synthesis of ________ by the kidney, and loss of HC03 in the GI are examples of _________
acid excretion
HC03
metabolic acid-base disturbances
hypoxia, anxiety, sepsis, and pregnancy may all cause ________
alkalosis
inadequate minute ventilation may result in _______ ______
respiratory acidosis
abnormalities of HC03 levels identifies a _______ component
metabolic
abnormalities of PC02 levels identify a ______ component
respiratory
for each change in PC02 of 10mm, pH will change by _____ in the opposite direction
0.8
respiratory acidosis may be caused by problems in the _____, in pulmonary disease states, and in _________ disease states (botulism, tetanus, curare)
CNS (narcotics, barbituates, tumor, stroke, head injury)
neuromuscular
COPD, emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, CHF may all cause ______________
respiratory acidosis
anxiety, hypoxia, pregnancy, high altitude, sepsis can all cause ________
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis may occur as a result of an ___________, decreased excretion of H in the kidney, and loss of ______ of ____. Lactic acidosis and _____________ are examples
overproduction of acid
HC03 in the GI/renal
diabetic keto acidosis
a measure of cation concentration versus anion concentration is called the ______. The normal range is 12 + /- 4
anion gap
Anion gap = [Na+] – (HC03 + ____)
Cl
the anion gap is _______ in an acidotic patient
increased
a low anion gap is often the result of _________
hypoalbuminemia
if bicarbonate decreases, what will be compensated? (how will the extra acid be taken care of?)
pc02 will decrease (minute ventilation will increase)
if bicarbonate increases, Pc02 will ______
increase, because minute ventilation will decrease
if PC02 increases, bicarbonate will _______
increase
if Hc03 is low, because of aspirin overdose, what would respiratory partial compensation look like?
increased minute ventilation,which would lower PC02 to lower than normal (24 rather than 40)
PC02 is higher (57), pH is 6.96, HC03 is low (13), is a sign of _______
mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis
