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BMB Test 2 > B7-096 Auditory and Vestibular Structure > Flashcards

B7-096 Auditory and Vestibular Structure Flashcards

1
Q

auditory and vestibular hair cells transduce energy via […] movement

A

stereociliated

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2
Q

describe how stereociliated cells transduce sound

A

endolymph moves stereociliated toward tallest –> opens K+ channels –> depolarizes membrane –> activates voltage dependent Ca+ –> Ca+ enters cells –>release of neurotransmitter –> action potential –> CN VIII

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3
Q

deflection of the hair bundle toward the tall side causes

A

depolarization

(increased impulse frequency, activation)

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4
Q

deflection of the hair bundle toward the short side causes

A

hyperpolarization

(decreased impulse frequency, inhibition)

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5
Q

first step in the transduction of hearing to inner ear

A

vibration of tympanic membrane

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6
Q

[…] transmits sound to the vestibule via the oval window

A

stapes

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7
Q

typically, the middle ear is filled with […]

A

air

(otitis media will change conduction)

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8
Q

order of ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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9
Q

functions of the ossicles [3]

A

impedance matching
pressure equalization with ET and nasopharynx
gain control via tensor tympani and stapedius (dampen loud sounds)

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10
Q

tensor tympani is innervated by

A

CN V

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11
Q

stapedius is innervated by

A

CN VII

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12
Q

compartment of the middle cochlea

A

membranous labyrinth

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13
Q

the membranous labyrinth is filled with […], and surrounded by […] on either side

A

endolymph
perilymph

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14
Q

as sounds enter the cochlea, what sections does it go through in the Organ of Corti? [3]

A

scala vestibulae (perilymph)
scala media (endolymph)
scala tympani (perilymph)

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15
Q

hair cells closer to the middle of the cochlea

main sensory transducers sending info to CNS

A

inner hair cells

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16
Q

hair cells further from the middle of the cochlea

alter movement of basilar membrane to sharpen tuning properties

A

outer hair cells

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17
Q

[inner/outer hair cell]

lots of afferent fibers

A

inner

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18
Q

[inner/outer hair cell]

efferent fibers

A

outer

(help control how active they are in moving the basilar membrane)

19
Q

releases energy via round window

A

scala tympani

20
Q

as the basilar membrane moves, the tops of the hair cells in the cochlea shear along the […] to move one way or another

A

tectorial membrane

21
Q

cochlea is organized according to

A

pitch/frequency

22
Q

how does tonotopic organization get set up?

A

sounds of a specific frequency maximally stimulate movement of a specific part of the basilar membrane

23
Q

high frequency sounds stimulate the […] of cochlea

A

base

24
Q

low frequency sounds stimulate the […] of cochlea

A

apex

25
Q

properties of the apex of the cochlea that allow for transmission of low frequency sound

A

wide and loose

26
Q

properties of the base of the cochlea that allow for transmission of high frequency sound

A

narrow/tight

27
Q

sharpen and increase “acuity” of sound

A

outer hair cells

28
Q

because outer hair cells can move the basilar membrane, they can

A

create sounds that originate in the ear

(otoacoustic emissions)

29
Q

all other nuclei above the level of the cochlear nucleus receive input from

A

both ears

(hard to have ipsilateral hearing loss from damage to CNS)

30
Q

[…] hair cells are primarily responsible for sending auditory information to the CNS

A

inner

31
Q

[…] hair cells modify the movement of the basilar membrane

A

outer

32
Q

can hair cells regenerate?

A

no

33
Q

there are 3 rows of […] hair cells

A

outer

34
Q

high frequencies at the […]

A

base

35
Q

low frequencies at the […]

A

apex

36
Q

specific frequencies of sound excite hair cells at a specific location because of the properties of the […]

A

basilar membrane

37
Q

differences in […] along the basilar membrane dictate frequencies at which hair cells respond

A

stiffness and width

38
Q

fluid movement in the scala vestibuli transmits pressure wave to the […] which creates movement of the basilar membrane

A

scala media

39
Q

[…] hair cells change the stiffness of the basilar membrane to sharpen frequency tuning

A

outer

40
Q

the […] scrapes across the tops of the stereocilia to activate them

A

tectorial membrane

41
Q

middle ear ossicles stimulate […] at the oval window

A

scala vestbuli

42
Q

movement toward the long stereocilia […] neurotransmitter release, movement away […] it

A

movement toward the long stereocilia increases neurotransmitter release, movement away decreases it

43
Q

structures of the CNS auditory pathway leading to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe [4]

A

superior olivary nucleus
dorsal cochlear nucleus
medial geniculate nucleus
inferior colliculus

44
Q

the […] surrounds stereocilia of vestibular hair cells in the semicircular canal

A

cupula

(bends them in direction of endolymph)

BMB Test 2 (17 decks)

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