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BMB Test 2 > B7-030 Visual System 1 > Flashcards

B7-030 Visual System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the sphincter muscle of the pupil is under […] control

A

parasympathetic

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2
Q

the radial muscle of the pupil is under […] control

A

sympathetic

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3
Q

aqueous humor is produced by

A

ciliary process

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4
Q

aqueous humor drains into

A

canal of Schlemm

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5
Q

transduce photons into neuronal activity

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

synaptic processing of visual signals occurs in the […]

A

retina

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7
Q

[…] cell axons form the optic nerve (CN II) which projects to the thalamus

A

ganglion

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8
Q

light rays are refracted at what locations in the eyes [2]

A

cornea (static)
lens (dynamic)

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9
Q

errors in light refraction result in reduced […]

A

acuity

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10
Q

if the eyeball is too short, front to back, it is […]

A

hyperopic

(far sighted)

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11
Q

if the eyeball is too long, front to back, it is […]

A

myopic

(near sighted)
common in children

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12
Q

cornea is misshapen, resulting in two focal points

A

astigmatism

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13
Q

why is it more common for adults to become “far-sighted” as they age?

A

lens hardens with age and is unable to change shape

presbyopia

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14
Q

images on the retina are […] and […] because of the path of light

A

upside down and backwards

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15
Q

map of visual space on the retina

A

retinotopy

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16
Q

information from the left visual field is projected to the […] cortex

A

right visual

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17
Q

what is the advantage of binocular vision?

A

depth perception

(mostly overlapping visual fields)

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18
Q

information from the left visual field is processed in the […] cortex

A

right

(information from the periphery is processed in the contralateral cortex)

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19
Q

information from the […] visual fields must dessucate in the chiasm

A

temporal

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20
Q

[…] molecules are embedded in the photoreceptor outer segment

A

rhodopsin

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21
Q

rhodopsin is composed of [2]

A

retinal
opsin

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22
Q

when retinal absorbs a photon, it […] from the 11-cis form to the 11-trans form

A

isomerizes

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23
Q

all trans retinal triggers a conformational change in […], activating rhodopsin

A

opsin

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24
Q

activated rhodopsin (metarhodopsin) is unstable, so it will […] once retinal goes back to its normal configuration

A

go back to original shape

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25
Q

all-trans retinal is converted to […]

A

retinol

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26
Q

“recycling” of retinal occurs in the

A

retinal pigment epithelium

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27
Q

when photoreceptors absorb photons, a g-couple protein pathway results in

A

closure of sodium channels –> hyperpolarization

28
Q

when light hits the retina, the membrane […]

A

hyperpolarizes

29
Q

describe how stimulation with light reduces neurotransmitter release

A

in the dark: rhodopsin is inactive, the Na+ channels are open, the cell is depolarized, glutamate is released

in the light: rhodopsin is active, Na+ channels close, cell hyperpolarizes, less glutamate is released

30
Q

[rods/cones]
operates in dim light, can detect a single photon of light

A

rods

31
Q

[rods/cones]
low acuity

A

rods

32
Q

[rods/cones]
sacrifices acuity for sensitivity

A

rods

33
Q

[rods/cones]
one type of opsin

A

rods

34
Q

[rods/cones]
found in periphery of retina

A

rods

35
Q

[rods/cones]
operates in bright light

A

cones

36
Q

[rods/cones]
high acuity

A

cones

37
Q

[rods/cones]
found in high density in fovea

A

cones

38
Q

[rods/cones]
different opsins sensitive to different wavelengths of light

A

cones

(allows for color vision)

39
Q

outgrowth of the diencephalon

A

retina

40
Q

in development, the future neural retina extends from the diencephalon as the optic vesicle and induces the formation of the

A

lens placode

(invaginates to form the lens)

41
Q

in development, invagination of the optic vesicle results in what two layers coming into opposition?

A

pigment epithelium
neural retina

(these two layers can separate –> detached retina)

42
Q

what two layers of the eyeball separate during a detached retina?

A

pigment epithelium
neural retina

43
Q

inner retinal layers are supplied by […] artery

A

central retinal

44
Q

supplies blood to the photoreceptors

A

pigment epithelium

45
Q

why does hemorrhage or hyperplasia of the branches of the central retinal artery cause impaired visual acuity?

A

blood vessels obstruct light path to retina

46
Q

cause of hyperplasia of branches of the central retinal artery

A

type 2 DM

47
Q

two important features of the fovea that allow for higher visual acuity [2]

A

high density of cones
“parting” of other layers so light has more direct path

48
Q

humans move both eyes so that an object of interest is focused on the […]

A

fovea

(maximizes visual acuity)

49
Q

visual system cells are tuned to detect […]

A

contrast

50
Q

specialized sensory cells that transduce light into transmitter release

A

photoreceptors

51
Q

cells that receive input from photoreceptors, transfer to ganglion cells

A

bipolar cells

52
Q

output cells of the retina; axons form the optic nerve headed for LGN

A

ganglion cells

53
Q

the way that multiple photoreceptors synapse and converge on a bipolar cell creates […] organization

A

center surround

54
Q

more glutamate is released in the […]

A

dark

(cell is depolarized)

55
Q

less glutamate is released in the […]

A

light

(cell is hyperpolarized)

56
Q

the LGN maintains […] organization

A

retinotopic

57
Q

parietal lobe fibers represent the […] visual field

A

inferior

58
Q

temporal lobe fibers (meyer’s loop) represent […] visual field

A

superior

59
Q

the […] has a larger cortical representation at the posterior pole

A

fovea

60
Q

superior regions are represented on the […] bank of the calcharine sulcus

A

lower

61
Q

inferior regions are represented on the […] bank of the calcharine sulcus

A

upper

62
Q

area of the retina with the greatest density of cones

A

fovea

(best visual acuity)

63
Q

damage to the upper bank of the right calcarine gyrus would result in what visual field loss?

A

left lower visual field

64
Q

damage to Meyer’s loop on the right side would cause

A

left superior quadrantanopia

65
Q

why can damage to the radiation result in quadrantanopias?

A

LGN axons separate enough for them to get damaged separately

66
Q

bitemporal hemianopia defects arise from a lesion where?

A

optic chiasm

BMB Test 2 (17 decks)

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