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BMB Test 2 > B7-035 Visual System 2 > Flashcards

B7-035 Visual System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

rolling eye in

A

intorsion

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2
Q

rolling eye out

A

extorsion

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3
Q

the cross bar of the H tests [2]

A

horizontal eye movement via lateral and medial rectus

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4
Q

abducting the eye and moving it up (elevating) tests

A

superior rectus

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5
Q

abducting the eye and moving it down (depressing) tests

A

inferior rectus

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6
Q

adducting the eye and moving it up (elevating) tests

A

inferior oblique

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7
Q

adducting the eye and moving it down (depressing) tests

A

superior oblique

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8
Q

paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle

A

abducens opthalmoplegia

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9
Q

in abducens opthalmoplegia, the affected eye deviates […] at rest

A

medially

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10
Q

affected eye doesn’t move laterally during lateral gaze

A

abducens opthalmoplegia

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11
Q

motor axons exit from the dorsal surface of the brainstem

A

trochlear

(only one of the motor eye nerves to come from dorsal brain stem, damage is to nerve itself not nucleus)

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12
Q

which nerve controlling eye movements is most likely to be damaged in head trauma?

A

trochlear, exits dorsal brainstem

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13
Q

excess extorsion of the eye
loss of intorsion

A

trochlear opthalmoplegia

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14
Q

patient tilts head away from affected eye to realign visual axis

A

trochlear opthalmoplegia

(forces unaffected eye to invert)

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15
Q

abduction of the affected eye (down and out)
ptosis
mydriasis

A

occulomotor opthalmoplegia

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16
Q

where are the frontal eye fields?

A

rostral to the motor cortex

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17
Q

UMN for control of eye movements

A

frontal eye fields

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18
Q

allows conjugate eye movement

A

frontal eye fields

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19
Q

left frontal eye field directs gaze to the […]

A

right

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20
Q

frontal eye fields direct gaze to the […] side

A

opposite

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21
Q

mediates gaze along the horizontal axis

A

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (horizontal gaze center)

(surrounds abducens nucleus)

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22
Q

how does the horizontal gaze center mediate voluntary right lateral gaze?

A
  1. signal from left frontal eye field goes to right abducens nucleus
  2. travels via right abducens to innervate right lateral rectus and
  3. signal simultaneously travels to left occulomotor nucleus via medial longitudinal fasiculus
  4. signal from left occulomotor nucleus travels through nerve to left medial rectus
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23
Q

damage to the horizontal gaze center causes

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

24
Q

a lesion of the medial longitudinal fasiculus would result in

A

failure of the ipsilateral eye to adduct

(internuclear ophthalmoplegia)

25
Q

unaffected eye has nystagmus
affected eye has impaired adduction

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

26
Q

left vs. right internuclear ophthalmoplegia is established by the eye that […]

A

does not adduct

27
Q

attempted gaze to the right
failure of left eye to adduct during H test
nystagmus in right eye

A

left internuclear ophthalmoplegia

28
Q

center that orients you to new stimuli

A

superior colliculus

(has some affect on horizontal gaze to orient eye to new stimulus)

29
Q

visual information of smooth pursuit (tracking) enters the horizontal conjugate gaze centers via

A

visual cortex

30
Q

allow for two eyes to track the same object and maintain gaze

A

vestibuloccular reflex (VOR)

(goes through horizontal gaze centers)

31
Q

abducens innervates

A

lateral rectus

32
Q

trochlear innervates

A

superior oblique

33
Q

in trochlear ophthalmoplegia, only one […] muscle is innervated causing the affected eye to […]

A

intorter
extort

34
Q

the horizontal gaze centers that control conjugate eye movements are in the […] near the motor neurons in the […] nucleus

A

pons
abducens

35
Q

right internuclear ophthalmoplegia is characterized by damage of the [….] which results in […]

A

right MLF
inability of the right eye to look to the left

36
Q

what muscle does INO affect?

A

medial rectus

37
Q

where is the lesion in INO?

A

MLF

38
Q

what might you expect to see on H test in a patient with trochlear ophthalmoplegia?

A

unable to depress the eye to look down medially

39
Q

in a patient with trochlear ophthalmoplegia, the lesion is […] to the direction the head it tilting

A

contralateral

(i.e., head tilting left, right eye is affected)

40
Q

the troclear nucleus innervates the […] muscle

the trochlear nerve innervates the […] muscle

A

contralateral

ipsilateral

(way to differentiate where the lesion is)

41
Q

misalignment of the two eyes due to issues with the eye muscles

A

strabismus

(needs to be corrected because normal visual input during development is required for proper development of binocular processing)

42
Q

information from two eyes processed in the cortex

A

binocular processing

43
Q

strabismus during development can interfere with

A

establishment of binocular neuronal processing in the cortex

(affected eye will have less cortex devoted to it and never make proper connections)

44
Q

treatment for strabismus [2]

A

surgery
patching the “good” eye

45
Q

information about color is encoded in the […]

A

retina

(then processed in parallel with form and motion)

46
Q

objects in the binocular zone are not perceived as a single object until the information from each eye converges at the […]

A

primary visual cortex

(layer IV)

47
Q

information from the contralateral visual field is represented in layers [….] of the LGN

A

1, 4 and 6

48
Q

following an object in visual space

A

smooth pursuit

(no saccades)

49
Q

your eye movements involve saccades when

A

moving your eyes without following a target

50
Q

maintains eye position fixed on a point when you move your head

A

VOR

51
Q

nystagmus is due to activation by

A

inner ear

52
Q

how is the visual cortex organized?

A

neurons are organized in ocular dominance columns that extend from pia to white matter

53
Q

columns of cells in the visual cortex that respond to stimulation from one eye or the other

A

ocular dominance columns

54
Q

the brain only processes information from the “good eye” and does not detect a difference in acuity between eyes

A

amblyopia

55
Q

[…] is necessary for the correct development of connections in the visual system

A

normal, binocular vision

56
Q

if a child has a monocular visual defect that is not corrected in childhood, what will happen?

A

trouble with depth perception due to impaired binocular vision

BMB Test 2 (17 decks)

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