B7-039 Cerebellum Flashcards
1
Q
the cerebellar system modulates the output of the [….] tract via the thalamus
A
corticospinal
2
Q
which cerebellar peduncle is mostly outputs?
A
superior
3
Q
which cerebellar peduncle is mostly inputs from the cortex?
A
middle
4
Q
which cerebellar peduncle is mostly inputs?
A
inferior
5
Q
from lateral to medial name the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei
(source of cerebellar outputs)
A
dentate
emboliform
globose
fastigial
6
Q
most prominent cell type in the cerebellar cortex
A
purkinje cells
7
Q
input to the cerebellar cortex is done via what cell type [2]
A
mossy fibers to granule cells
climbing fibers to purkinje cells
8
Q
output from the cerebellar cortex is done via what cell type
A
purkinje cells send inhibitory fibers to the deep cerebellar nuclei
9
Q
[…] cells form parallel fibers that have excitatory synapses with many purkinje cells
A
granule
10
Q
lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum modulates
A
premotor area (motor planning)
11
Q
intermediate zone of the cerebellum modulates what tracts?
A
lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts
(distal limb movement)
12
Q
vermis of the cerebellum modulates
A
medial motor systems controlling posture and balance
13
Q
flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum modulates
A
eye and head stabilization unit
(most primitive)
14
Q
vestibulo-cerebellum includes what part of the cerebellum?
A
flocculonodular
15
Q
the vestibulo-cerebellum modulates the […] tract
A
MLF
16
Q
the spino-cerebellum includes what parts of the cerebullum? [2]
A
vermis
intermediate zone
17
Q
inputs to the vermis of the spino-cerebellum [2]
A
spinocerebellar tracts
vestibular nucleus
18
Q
the vermis of the spino-cerebellum goes though the […] nucleus to modulate medial motor systems
A
fastigial
19
Q
unconscious proprioception and the activity of the anterior horn cells comes into the spino-cerebellum via the […] tract
A
spinocerebellar tract
20
Q
the output target of the vermis
A
reticular formation
21
Q
functions modulated by the vermis [2]
A
posture and balance
22
Q
motor system modulated by the vermis
A
medial motor systems
23
Q
input to the intermediate zone of the spino-cerebellum
A
spinocerebellar tracts
24
Q
the intermediate zone of the spino-cerebellum goes though the […] nucleus to modulate lateral motor systems
A
interposed (emboliform+globus)
25
output targets of the intermediate zone [2]
red nucleus
VL thalamus
26
function modulated by the intermediate zone
ongoing distal limb movement
27
motor system modulated by the intermediate zone
lateral motor systems
28
the cerebro-cerebellum goes though the [...] nucleus to modulate prefrontal motor systems
dentate
29
output targets of the cerebro-cerebellum [2]
red nucleus
VL thalamus
30
function modulated by the cerebro-cerebellum
planned motor movement
31
corticoponto-cerebellar fibers originate from
all areas of the cortex (but especially frontal)
then synapse with ipsilateral pontine nuclei
32
the cerebral cortex is wired [...] to the cerebellum
contralateral
33
a lesion in the cerebellum will affect the [...] limb
ipsilateral
34
a lesion in the cortex will affect the [...] limb
contralateral
35
clinical manifestations of cerebellar lesions are [...]
ipsilateral
36
what is meant by the cerebellum being a "feed forward" controller?
it evaluates sensory information to program the best set of instructions to accomplish the desired result in quick, minimal movements
(requires trial and error)
37
mossy fibers provide massive [...] input to the cerebellum
sensory
38
[...] fibers provide the error signal
climbing
(from inferior olive)
39
a unilateral lesion to the flocculonodular system will cause [2]
vertigo
nausea, vomiting
40
a unilateral lesion to the vermal system will cause [2]
unable to stand or sit
dysarthia
41
a unilateral lesion to the lateral and intermediate systems will cause [2]
limb clumsiness
inability to perform task (button clothes)
42
appendicular (extremities) ataxia indicates an issue in what systems? [2]
intermediate and lateral
43
abnormal overshoot or undershoot of limbs
decomposition of movement into parts
dysmetria (appendicular ataxia)
44
how to test for appendicular ataxia [2]
finger to nose
heel to shin
45
abnormal timing of movements
dysrhythmia (appendicular ataxia)
46
types of cerebellar tremors [2]
postural
intention
47
truncal ataxia indicates an issue with the [...] system
vermal
48
direction changing gaze evoked nystagmus indicates an issue with the [...] system
flocculonodular
(central lesion)
49
if no other systems are affected, the lesion is in the [...] cerebellum
ipsilateral
50
[...] cerebellum controls axial and proximal limb musculature bilaterally
medial (vermis)
51
[...] cerebellum controls distal limb musculature ipsilaterally
lateral
52
ipsilateral proprioceptive information comes from the [...] peduncle
inferior cerebellar
53
the two hemispheres of the cerebellum are divided by the
vermis
54
three lobes of the cerebellum [3]
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
floculonodular lobe
55
[...] fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes
primary fissure
56
[...] fissure separates the posterior and floculonodular lobes
posterolateral
57
interposed nuclei [2]
globose
emboliform
58
vermal area contains the [...] nuclei
interposed
59
cerebrocerebellum contains the [...] nucleus
dentate
60
co-ordinates and plans future movements
cerebro-cerebellum
61
controls muscle tone and posture
vermis
62
carry proprioceptive muscle information from the inferior olives through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
climbing fibers
63
climbing fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse onto [2]
deep cerebellar nuclei (stimulatory)
purkinje cells (inhibitory)
64
carry sensory information from all over the body
mossy fibers
65
carry motor command information from the pontine nuclei through the middle cerebellar peduncles
mossy fibers
66
in the vestibulo-cerebellum system, Purkinje cells synapse on the
vestibular nucleus
67
nucleus important to feed forward movement planning with the hands
dentate
68
unilateral damage to cerebellar nuclei results in [...] defects
ipsilateral
69
nucleus important for vestibulo-ocular and postural reflexes, and coordination of axial and leg muscles
fastigial
70
if focal damage to the red nucleus produced deficits, they would be on the [...] side
contralateral
71
the major outflow for the intermediate and lateral cerebellar systems pass through the [...] peduncle
superior cerebellar
72
major input to the lateral cerebellar systems
cortical pontine fibers
73
lobe of the cerebellum associated with eye movements
flocculonodular
74
truncal ataxia is associated with what part of the cerebellum?
vermis
75
inaccuracy of movements by under or over shooting
dysmetria
76
abnormal timing
dysrhythmia (appendicular ataxia)
77
abnormality of rapid alternating movements
dysdiadochokinesia
78
excessive rebound after suddenly removing a force on a limb holding posture
abnormal check (appendicular ataxia)
79
if there are no other CN findings, the lesion can be localized to the
ipsilateral cerebellum
80
lateral medullary syndrome can involve the [...] peduncle
inferior cerebellar
81
connects cerebellum with midbrain
superior peduncle
82
connects cerebellum with pons
middle peduncle
83
connects cerebellum with medulla
inferior peduncle
84
the majority of afferent fibers to the cerebellum travel through which peduncles?
middle
inferior
85
the majority of efferent fibers from the cerebellum travel through which peduncles?
superior
86
the lateral zone sends signals to the [...] nucleus
dentate
87
the intermediate zone sends signals to the [...] nucleus
emboliform and globose (interposed)
88
the vermal zone sends signals to the [...] nucleus
fastigial
89
modulates motor execution of medial descending pathways
vermal zone
90
modulates motor execution of lateral descending pathways
intermediate
91
afferent pathways of the cerebellum originate from [3]
cortex
spinal cord/brainstem
vestibular system
92
the vermal area of the cerebellum receives sensory information from the
trunk
neck
most of head
93
the intermediate area of the cerebellum receives sensory information from the
limbs
lateral head
94
the vermal and intermediate zones primarily control [2]
muscle tone
posture
95
the lateral zone of the cerebellum primarily controls
coordinating and planning future movements
96
.
.
97
the lateral zone of the cerebellum contains the [...] nucleus
dentate
98
the vermal and intermediate zones of the cerebellum contains the [...] nucleus
interposed (globose + emboliform)
99
cells of the molecular layer of the cortex [2]
stellate cells
basket cells
100
cells of the purkinje layer of the cortex
purkinje
101
purkinje cells are [...] and release GABA
inhibitory
102
cells of the granular layer of the cortex [2]
granule cells
Golgi interneurons
103
the cerebellums main job is
neural sharpening
(fine tuning of motor response, most important stimuli is take care of first)
104
carry proprioceptive information from the inferior olives through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
climbing fibers
105
climbing fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse directly on [2]
deep cerebellar nuclei (stimulatory)
purkinje cells (inhibitory)
106
carry sensory information from all over the body
carry motor command information from the pontine nuclei through the middle cerebellar peduncles
mossy fibers
107
climbing fibers release [...]
mossy fibers release [...]
asparatate
glutamate
(both are stimulatory neurotransmitters)
108
the mossy fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse onto [2]
deep cerebellar nuclei (stimulatory)
granule cells (mixed effect)
109
granule cells send axons to the molecular layer where they synapse onto [2]
stellate and basket cells (stimulatory)
purkinje cells (inhibitory)
110
mossy cells and granule cells can also synapse onto [...]
golgi cells
(inhibit the granule cells, further contributing to neural sharpening)
111
deep cerebellar nuclei receive many stimulatory and inhibitory signals at once, whether or not they fire depends on [...]
which signal is more abundant at any give time
112
efferent fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle [3]
(out of cerebellum)
dentate to contralateral thalamus
dentate to contralateral red nucleus
purkinje fibers to vestibulospinal nucleus
113
the vestibulospinal nucleus activates the contralateral [...] for eye coordination
MLF
114
the MLF connects what CN nuclei? [3]
III
IV
VI
115
afferent pathways of the superior cerebellar peduncle [3]
(into the cerebellum)
ventral spinocerebellar
rostrocerebellar
tectocerebellar
116
carries proprioceptive information of joints, tendons, and ligaments from below L2/3
spinocerebellar tract
117
carries visual and auditory information from the superior and inferior colliculi to allow quick responses to visual and auditory stimuli
tectocerebellar
118
carries proprioceptive information of the joints, tendons, and ligaments from the cervical spine and upper limbs to the cerebellum
rostral cerebellar
119
middle cerebellar peduncle carries [...] fibers
afferent
120
transmits the original motor plan from the contralateral cortex through the pontine nuclei to allow for motor planning and future movement planning
corticopontocerebellar fibers
(then sends plan through dentate nucleus to red nucleus or thalamus)
121
afferent tract for the middle cerebellar peduncles
corticopontocerebellar fibers
122
afferent fibers into the inferior cerebellar peduncle [5]
dorsal spinocerebellar
cuneocerebellar
vestibulocerebellar
olivocerebellar
reticulocerebellar
123
efferent fibers out of the inferior cerebellar peduncle [2]
recticular
vestibular
124
carries motor information from the cerebellum to the reticular formation
cerebelloreticular tract
medullary -> flexion
pontine -> extension
125
sends motor fibers to extensor muscles through the vestibulospinal tract
cerebellovestibular
