B5c: Running repairs

Question 1

What are the consequences of a hole in the heart(2)

Answer 1

blood can move directly from one side of the heart to the other side of the heart

less oxygen in the arterial blood since oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix

Question 2

How can a hole in the heart be corrected

Answer 2

open heart surgery

Question 3

Why do unborn babies not need a double circulatory system(3)

Answer 3

they get their oxygen from their mother via the placenta, so their blood doesn’t need to travel to the lungs

• as a result all unborn babies have a hole in the heart, which allows blood to by pass lungs
• this hole in the heart closes soon after birth

Question 4

What are the consequences of damaged or weak valves in the heart

Answer 4

may allow blood to flow in both directions(no longer prevents backflow) - blood doesn’t circulate as effectively

Question 5

How can damaged or weak valves in the heart be fixed

Answer 5

replacing them with artificial vavles

Question 6

Explain the consequences of a blocked coronary artery

Answer 6

reduces blood flow to the heart muscles, which may result in a heart attack

Question 7

How can a blocked coronary artery be fixed

Answer 7

by bypass surgery(blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and inserted to bypass the blockage)

Question 8

What does heart assist devices do

Answer 8

takes over the pumping duties of a failing heart, buying time while the patient waits for a transplant

Question 9

What are the advantages of using heart pacemakers or artificial heart valves over a heart transplant(2)

Answer 9

no chance of getting rejected(body does not recognise the metal or plastic as foreign)

lass drastic and a lot quicker than a transplant

Question 10

What are the disadvantages of using heart pacemakers or artificial heart valves over a heart transplant

Answer 10

may not last very long and need replacing

Question 11

What are used to control clotting and why

Answer 11

drugs such as warfarin, heparin and aspirin

blood clotting can block blood vessels in some medical conditions

Question 12

Describe haemophilia

Answer 12

an inherited condition in which the blood does not easily clot

Question 13

Describe the process of blood cloctting(3)

Answer 13

platelets in contact with damaged blood vessels

causes a series of chemical reactions

eventually leading to the formation of a mesh of fibrin fibres (clot)

Question 14

Describe the processes of blood donation(3)

Answer 14

collects blood from a volunteer

anti-coagulant drugs such as heparin are used

blood group and rhesus information is recorded

Question 15

Describe the processes of blood transfusion

Answer 15

puts the correct blood type into the patient’s blood system, replacing blood lost

Question 16

What can unsuccessful blood transfusions cause(2)

Answer 16

if the transfused blood is incompatible with the blood in the body then it causes agglutination(blood clumping)
-caused by if anti-A antibody meets an A antigen or anti-B antibody meets a B antigen

Question 17

What determines how blood groups react and therefore whether a blood transfusion is successful

Answer 17

the presence of antigens and antibodies in red blood cells and blood serum

Question 18

Where are antigens found

Answer 18

on red blood cells’ surface

Question 19

Where are antibodies found

Answer 19

in blood plasma

Question 20

Describe blood group A (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)

Answer 20

A

anti-B

can give to A and AB

can get from A and O

Question 21

Describe blood group B (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)

Answer 21

B

anti-A

can give to B and AB

can get from B and O

Question 22

Describe blood group AB (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)

Answer 22

A and B

none

can give to AB

can get from anyone

Question 23

Describe blood group O (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)

Answer 23

none

anti-A and anti-B

can give to anyone

can get from O

Question 24

Why can people with blood type O give to anyone but only receive from others with blood type O(2)

Answer 24

can give to anyone since there are no antigens on their blood cells, so any anti-A or anti-B antibodies have nothing to react with

can only receive from others with blood type O since their antibodies would react with the antigens in type A, B or AB blood