B5c: Running repairs Flashcards
What are the consequences of a hole in the heart(2)
blood can move directly from one side of the heart to the other side of the heart
less oxygen in the arterial blood since oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix
How can a hole in the heart be corrected
open heart surgery
Why do unborn babies not need a double circulatory system(3)
they get their oxygen from their mother via the placenta, so their blood doesn’t need to travel to the lungs
- as a result all unborn babies have a hole in the heart, which allows blood to by pass lungs
- this hole in the heart closes soon after birth
What are the consequences of damaged or weak valves in the heart
may allow blood to flow in both directions(no longer prevents backflow) - blood doesn’t circulate as effectively
How can damaged or weak valves in the heart be fixed
replacing them with artificial vavles
Explain the consequences of a blocked coronary artery
reduces blood flow to the heart muscles, which may result in a heart attack
How can a blocked coronary artery be fixed
by bypass surgery(blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and inserted to bypass the blockage)
What does heart assist devices do
takes over the pumping duties of a failing heart, buying time while the patient waits for a transplant
What are the advantages of using heart pacemakers or artificial heart valves over a heart transplant(2)
no chance of getting rejected(body does not recognise the metal or plastic as foreign)
lass drastic and a lot quicker than a transplant
What are the disadvantages of using heart pacemakers or artificial heart valves over a heart transplant
may not last very long and need replacing
What are used to control clotting and why
drugs such as warfarin, heparin and aspirin
blood clotting can block blood vessels in some medical conditions
Describe haemophilia
an inherited condition in which the blood does not easily clot
Describe the process of blood cloctting(3)
platelets in contact with damaged blood vessels
causes a series of chemical reactions
eventually leading to the formation of a mesh of fibrin fibres (clot)
Describe the processes of blood donation(3)
collects blood from a volunteer
anti-coagulant drugs such as heparin are used
blood group and rhesus information is recorded
Describe the processes of blood transfusion
puts the correct blood type into the patient’s blood system, replacing blood lost
What can unsuccessful blood transfusions cause(2)
if the transfused blood is incompatible with the blood in the body then it causes agglutination(blood clumping)
-caused by if anti-A antibody meets an A antigen or anti-B antibody meets a B antigen
What determines how blood groups react and therefore whether a blood transfusion is successful
the presence of antigens and antibodies in red blood cells and blood serum
Where are antigens found
on red blood cells’ surface
Where are antibodies found
in blood plasma
Describe blood group A (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)
A
anti-B
can give to A and AB
can get from A and O
Describe blood group B (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)
B
anti-A
can give to B and AB
can get from B and O
Describe blood group AB (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)
A and B
none
can give to AB
can get from anyone
Describe blood group O (antigens, antibodies, can give blood to…, can get blood from….)
none
anti-A and anti-B
can give to anyone
can get from O
Why can people with blood type O give to anyone but only receive from others with blood type O(2)
can give to anyone since there are no antigens on their blood cells, so any anti-A or anti-B antibodies have nothing to react with
can only receive from others with blood type O since their antibodies would react with the antigens in type A, B or AB blood
