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Biology > B4 - organising plants and animals > Flashcards

B4 - organising plants and animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 parts of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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2
Q

What are the properties and function of red blood cells

A

Round, flat, no nucleus, large surface area, contain hemoglobin, carry oxygen around the body

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3
Q

What are the properties and function of white blood cells

A

Large odd shaped nucleus, make antibodies, fight diseases

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4
Q

What are the properties and function of platelets

A

Broken bits of cell, help blood clot

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5
Q

What are the properties and function of plasma

A

Liquid part of blood, carries dissolved glucose and waste products

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6
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

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7
Q

What are the properties and function of arteries

A

Take blood away from heart, high pressure, elastic tissue, small lumen, oxygenated blood

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8
Q

What are the properties and function of veins

A

Take blood towards heart, low pressure, large lumen, valves to stop backflow, deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

What are the properties and function of capillaries

A

Next to every cell, tiny, walls one cell thick to allow diffusion, large surface area

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10
Q

What is the double circulation system

A

One takes oxygenated blood from the heart through arteries to the body and then takes the deoxygenated blood through the veins back to the heart, the second takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary artery where it is oxygenated, then takes it back to the heart through the pulmonary vein

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11
Q

What is the primary artery and vein called

A

Aorta and Vena Cava

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12
Q

Which side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated

A

Left is oxygenated, right is deoxygenated

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13
Q

Which quarter of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Left ventricle

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14
Q

Which quarter of the heart recieved deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

Which quarter of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body

A

Right ventricle

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16
Q

Which quarter of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

Right atrium

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17
Q

What do atrioventricular valves do

A

Stop backflow from ventricles to atriums

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18
Q

What does the semilunar valve do

A

Stops backflow into the ventricles from aorta or pulmonary artery

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19
Q

What causes heart attacks

A

A blood vessel in the heart muscle gets blocked so that part of the muscle dies

20
Q

What are stents

A

Little wire things that get inflated and unblock arteries

21
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs that lower blood cholesterol - can have harmful side effects

22
Q

What is arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm, your heart is beating too fast, slow, or irregularly

23
Q

What is the natural pacemaker

A

An area of cells in the right atrium that give an electric shock at regular intervals to get the heart to beat

24
Q

What two artificial things can you get to fix your heart

A

Artificial pacemaker, artificial atrioventricular valves

25
Q

What are the 4 parts of your breathing system

A

Trachea - kept open by rings of cartilage
Bronchi - connect to lungs and split in two
Bronchioles - branches of bronchi
Alveoli - tiny air sacs

26
Q

What do alveoli do

A

Gas exchange - diffusing oxygen into your blood

27
Q

How are alveoli adapted to do gas exchange better

A

1 cell thick walls, moist surface (gases can dissolve), large surface area, constant blood supply to maintain concentration gradient

28
Q

What does the diaphragm do

A

Expands and contracts to increase volume of chest cavity

29
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do

A

Raise and lower the rib cage to increase volume of chest cavity

30
Q

What does increasing the volume of the chest cavity do

A

Pressure inside decreases so air rushes in (breathing)

31
Q

What does the stem do

A

Holds up plant and transports stuff

32
Q

What do leaves do

A

Absorb CO2 and sunlight for photosynthesis

33
Q

What do flowers do

A

Attract pollinators for reproduction

34
Q

What do the roots do

A

Absorb water and nutrients from soil

35
Q

What are the 4 layers of leaves

A

Waxy cuticle for protection
Palisade cells for photosynthesis
Sponge layer, lots of air gaps
Layer of stomata on bottom to release excess water

36
Q

What is transpiration

A

The movement of water vapour from the roots to the stomata

37
Q

What is translocation

A

Movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis through the phloem

38
Q

What is the difference between the xylem and phloem

A

Xylem - transports minerals and water, only one way (up stem), cell walls have gaps to let stuff through
Phloem - transports sugar dissolved in water, two way, cells have end walls and perforations

39
Q

What three minerals do plants need and what do they do

A

Nitrogen - used to make proteins
Phosphorous - strong roots
Magnesium - makes chlorophyll

40
Q

How are leaves adapted

A

Small surface area so less evaporation, waxy cuticle lets water runoff, stomata only on underside for less evaporation, shed leaves in winter to reduce water loss

41
Q

Why do root hair cells have hairs

A

To increase surface area for osmosis

42
Q

What are stomata for

A

Open and close to let gases in and out but not water

43
Q

What opens and closes the stomata

A

Guard cells

44
Q

What weather effects can affect transpiration and why

A
  • Windy increases transpiration because water blown away so high concentration gradient
  • Warm increases transpiration because particles move faster
  • Light increases transpiration because particles move faster
  • Humid decreases transpiration because water particles in air so low concentration gradient
45
Q

Why do plants in dry conditions have no leaves

A

Less surface area for evaporation

Biology (9 decks)

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