B4 - organising plants and animals Flashcards
What are the 4 parts of blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
What are the properties and function of red blood cells
Round, flat, no nucleus, large surface area, contain hemoglobin, carry oxygen around the body
What are the properties and function of white blood cells
Large odd shaped nucleus, make antibodies, fight diseases
What are the properties and function of platelets
Broken bits of cell, help blood clot
What are the properties and function of plasma
Liquid part of blood, carries dissolved glucose and waste products
What are the three types of blood vessel
Arteries, veins and capillaries
What are the properties and function of arteries
Take blood away from heart, high pressure, elastic tissue, small lumen, oxygenated blood
What are the properties and function of veins
Take blood towards heart, low pressure, large lumen, valves to stop backflow, deoxygenated blood
What are the properties and function of capillaries
Next to every cell, tiny, walls one cell thick to allow diffusion, large surface area
What is the double circulation system
One takes oxygenated blood from the heart through arteries to the body and then takes the deoxygenated blood through the veins back to the heart, the second takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary artery where it is oxygenated, then takes it back to the heart through the pulmonary vein
What is the primary artery and vein called
Aorta and Vena Cava
Which side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated
Left is oxygenated, right is deoxygenated
Which quarter of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left ventricle
Which quarter of the heart recieved deoxygenated blood from the body
Left atrium
Which quarter of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Right ventricle
Which quarter of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Right atrium
What do atrioventricular valves do
Stop backflow from ventricles to atriums
What does the semilunar valve do
Stops backflow into the ventricles from aorta or pulmonary artery
What causes heart attacks
A blood vessel in the heart muscle gets blocked so that part of the muscle dies
What are stents
Little wire things that get inflated and unblock arteries
What are statins
Drugs that lower blood cholesterol - can have harmful side effects
What is arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm, your heart is beating too fast, slow, or irregularly
What is the natural pacemaker
An area of cells in the right atrium that give an electric shock at regular intervals to get the heart to beat
What two artificial things can you get to fix your heart
Artificial pacemaker, artificial atrioventricular valves
What are the 4 parts of your breathing system
Trachea - kept open by rings of cartilage
Bronchi - connect to lungs and split in two
Bronchioles - branches of bronchi
Alveoli - tiny air sacs
What do alveoli do
Gas exchange - diffusing oxygen into your blood
How are alveoli adapted to do gas exchange better
1 cell thick walls, moist surface (gases can dissolve), large surface area, constant blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
What does the diaphragm do
Expands and contracts to increase volume of chest cavity
What do the intercostal muscles do
Raise and lower the rib cage to increase volume of chest cavity
What does increasing the volume of the chest cavity do
Pressure inside decreases so air rushes in (breathing)
What does the stem do
Holds up plant and transports stuff
What do leaves do
Absorb CO2 and sunlight for photosynthesis
What do flowers do
Attract pollinators for reproduction
What do the roots do
Absorb water and nutrients from soil
What are the 4 layers of leaves
Waxy cuticle for protection
Palisade cells for photosynthesis
Sponge layer, lots of air gaps
Layer of stomata on bottom to release excess water
What is transpiration
The movement of water vapour from the roots to the stomata
What is translocation
Movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis through the phloem
What is the difference between the xylem and phloem
Xylem - transports minerals and water, only one way (up stem), cell walls have gaps to let stuff through
Phloem - transports sugar dissolved in water, two way, cells have end walls and perforations
What three minerals do plants need and what do they do
Nitrogen - used to make proteins
Phosphorous - strong roots
Magnesium - makes chlorophyll
How are leaves adapted
Small surface area so less evaporation, waxy cuticle lets water runoff, stomata only on underside for less evaporation, shed leaves in winter to reduce water loss
Why do root hair cells have hairs
To increase surface area for osmosis
What are stomata for
Open and close to let gases in and out but not water
What opens and closes the stomata
Guard cells
What weather effects can affect transpiration and why
- Windy increases transpiration because water blown away so high concentration gradient
- Warm increases transpiration because particles move faster
- Light increases transpiration because particles move faster
- Humid decreases transpiration because water particles in air so low concentration gradient
Why do plants in dry conditions have no leaves
Less surface area for evaporation
