B3W1 Organization of Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Main Organs of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

Heart, Blood, Lungs, and interconnected vessels

Question 2

Arteries

Answer 2

Move Blood away from the heart
“A” for Away

Question 3

Veins

Answer 3

Move Blood towards the heart
“V” V arrow pointing to the heart

Question 4

Ways to categorize the circulatory system

Answer 4

Pulmonary Vs. Systemic
Arterial High Pressure Vs. Veinous Low Pressure
Arterial Blood Flow Resistance Vs. Veinous Storage

Question 5

Location of 2/3rds of blood at any given time

Answer 5

Within the veins

Question 6

Role of the Cardiovascular system

Answer 6

Maintain homeostasis by delivering “good” things and removing “bad” things from organs, temperature regulation, endocrine signaling, and mediation of immune and inflammatory responses

Question 7

“Good” Things in blood

Answer 7

Glucose
Oxygen
Hormones
Immune Cells

Question 8

“Bad” Things in blood

Answer 8

CO2
Metabolites

Question 9

Systole

Answer 9

Contraction of Cardiac Muscle

Question 10

Diastole

Answer 10

Relaxation of Muscle Contraction

Question 11

Pattern of Blood flow

Answer 11

Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -> Pulmonary Arteries -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Semilunar Valve -> Aorta -> Systemic Circulation -> Vena Cava

R -> Lungs -> L Right of body to left lungs are in the middle
A -> V “A” Points up “V” Points down
Tri -> Semilunar -> Bi -> Semilunar

Question 12

Breakdown of Artery offshoots

Answer 12

Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries

Question 13

Breakdown of Vein offshoots

Answer 13

Venules -> Veins -> Superior/inferior Vena Cava

Question 14

Pressure Volume Loops

Answer 14

Show the amount of blood in the left ventricle as it changes with pressure

Question 15

Another Name for the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Answer 15

Mitral Valve

Question 16

Another Name for the Aortic Semilunar Valve

Answer 16

Aortic Valve

Question 17

What causes the opening of valves within the heart?

Answer 17

Pressure differences between the two sides of a valve

Question 18

Steps of a Pressure Volume Loop

Answer 18

Mitral Valve opens and blood fills the left ventricle -> Around when Left Ventricular Volume equals 120 mL -> Mitral Valve Closes and the left ventricle undergoes an isovolumetric contraction which while maintaining the volume greatly increases pressure to about 80 mmHg -> Aortic Valve opens and the blood from the left ventricle enters the Aorta -> As blood moves from the ventricle into the aorta the ventricle contracts so strongly that the pressure continues to increase up to about 130 mmHg while volume decreases -> After 130 mmHg of pressure the pressure within the ventricle decreases and volume continues declining -> leads to closing of the aortic valve and end of systole

Question 19

Structure of Vessels

Answer 19

Inner-Endothelial Cell
Middle-Smooth Muscle
External-Connective Tissue and Blood Supply for larger vessels
Arteries and Veins contain all three
Venules and Arterioles lack external layer
Capillaries only contain endothelial cells

Question 20

Equation for Blood flow

Answer 20

Flow=Change in Pressure/Resistance

Question 21

Vessel Resistance in Series

Answer 21

Resistance is added from the summation of groups of vessels in a sequential order

Question 22

Vessel Resistance in Parallel

Answer 22

Resistance is added as 1/Resistance of a single vessel which are parallel to one another

Question 23

Cardiac Output

Answer 23

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume * Heart Rate

Question 24

Stroke Volume

Answer 24

Is the amount of blood that is expelled from the left ventricle during a contraction

Question 25

Poiseuille’s Law

Answer 25

Flow = Change in pressure * ((PiRadius^4)/(8Viscosity*length)

Question 26

Changes in Blood Flow According to Poiseuille’s Law

Answer 26

Increase Flow Rate
- Increase Pressure Change
- Increase Radius
- - Largest effect on flow due to the ^4

Decrease Flow Rate
- Increase Viscosity
- Increase Length

Question 27

Laminar Flow

Answer 27

Flow within a cylinder moves fastest at the center and slower at the periphery

Question 28

Turbulent Flow

Answer 28

Flow that becomes noisy due to inconsistent viscosity or areas of high resistance

Driving pressure exceeds the flow and reaches critical velocity

Question 29

Common Site of Turbulent Flow

Answer 29

Aortic Arch
Sites of Branching
Bifurcation Sites

Question 30

Three Pressure Sources in Circulatory Systen

Answer 30

Driving Pressure
Transmural Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 31

Driving Pressure

Answer 31

Pressure from the pumping of the heart
P(x1-x2)

Question 32

Transmural Pressure

Answer 32

Pressure caused by the changes of the vessel wall, such as tension and radius
T=P*r

Question 33

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 33

Pressure caused by gravity in relation to a person’s position in space or on a column of fluid
Pressure felt strongest at whatever level is the lowest

Question 34

Mean Arterial Pressure

Answer 34

Average arterial pressure that takes into account that only 1/3 of time is spent in systole

Question 35

Mean Arterial Pressure vs. Pulse

Answer 35

Systolic Blood Pressure-Diastolic Blood Pressure = Pulse P about 40 mmHg

Mean Arterial Pressure = Diastolic Blood Pressure + 1/3(Systolic Blood Pressure-Diastolic Blood Pressure)

Question 36

Vessel Compliance

Answer 36

How much a vessel can expand with pressure

C=Volume/Pressure

Question 37

High Compliance

Answer 37

Larger distension of vessel

Question 38

Low Compliance

Answer 38

Low Distension of vessel

Question 39

Bernoulli effect

Answer 39

Liquid moves due to a pressure and energy gradient

From high to low energy

Pressure decreases as the speed of a fluid increases