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MED PHYS > B2W1 Trans Phys > Flashcards

B2W1 Trans Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Brain weight, blood, and oxygen percentage

A

Brain is 2% body weight
Blood flow 15%
Oxygen 20%

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1
Q

What maintains basal tone in cerebral vessels?

A

Autoregulation

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2
Q

Absolute blood flow of the brain

A

Brain always needs 750 mL of blood

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3
Q

Autoregulation

A

Ability for tissue to adjust vascular resistance and maintain blood flow despite changes in mean arterial pressure.
Achieved by changing myogenic tone

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4
Q

Homeostatic mean arterial pressure

A

60 - 160 mmHg

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5
Q

Blood brain barrier and its type movement

A

Structures within the brains vascular system that limits and controls what can and cannot enter the brain.
-Water soluble agents
-Lipid soluble agents via transcellular pathways
-Transport proteins
-Receptor mediated endocytosis

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6
Q

Neurovascular unit

A

Blood vessel surrounded, in order from closest to farthest, endothelial cell, basement membrane, pericyte, smooth muscle, astrocyte endfeet, microglia, and neurons.

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7
Q

Cerebrovascular Autoregulation patterns

A

Increase in MAP -> Increased Vessel Resistance = BF Maintained
Decrease in MAP -> Decreased Vessel Resistance = BF Maintained

MAP and Resistance are directly correlated

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8
Q

Sympathetic Outflow of Cerebral Vessel Tone

A

Alpha 1 & 2 cause vasoconstriction and prefer Norepinephrine
Beta 1 & 2 cause vasodilation and prefer Epinephrine

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9
Q

Parasympathetic innervation

A

Via Muscarinic Receptors
NOS - Produces NO Nitric Oxide

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10
Q

Parasympathetic Vasodilators

A

Nitric Oxide
Acetylcholine

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11
Q

Lipid-Soluble Substances

A

CO2, O2, and Ethanol

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12
Q

CO2 Concentration and CBF

A

Increased pCO2 -> Vasodilation -> increased CBF
Decreased pCO2 -> Vasoconstriction -> decreased CBF

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13
Q

H+ Concentration and CBF

A

Increased H+ -> Vasodilation -> increased CBF
Decreased H+ -> Vasoconstriction -> increased CBF

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14
Q

O2 Concentration and CBF

A

Increased pO2 -> Vasoconstriction -> Decreased CBF
Decreased pO2 -> Vasodilation -> increased CBF

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15
Q

Migraine Symptoms

A

Nausea
Loss of Vision
Unilateral Headache
Extreme Sensitivity to Sound

16
Q

Migraine Stages

A

Prodrome - Days to hours
Aura - Right Before
Attack (Headache) - During
Postdrome - After

17
Q

Main cause of Migraines

A

Vasospasms

18
Q

Vasospasms

A

Significant, short, unattenuated contraction, followed by relaxation, ending with flaccid vessel tone

19
Q

Migraine Treatment

A

Beta Blocker

20
Q

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migraine Pathway

A

Calcium enters through L-Type Calcium Channel -> Calcium introduction causes intracellular stores of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum -> Increase in intracellular calcium concentration -> Calcium attaches with Calmodulin to form Ca-Calmodulin -> Ca-Calmodulin activates MLCK or Myosin Light Chain Kinase -> MLCK phosphorylates myosin which inhibits myosin and stops crossbridge formation -> Causes VSMC relaxation

21
Q

Role of Beta Blockers in the Vascular Smooth Muscle Pathway

A

Beta blocker or beta receptor agonist or epinephrin bind to Beta 1 or Beta 2 receptors -> Activate Gs alpha subunit -> Converts ATP to cAMP which inhibits MLCK thus allowing myosin to form crossbridge and for vascular tone to be established.

22
Q

Neuroplasticity in recovery

A

Structural changes
- Increase in cortical thickness
- Dendritic Growth
- Formation of New Synapses
- Angiogenesis

23
Q

Mechanisms of Functional Recovery

A

Macroscopic
- Restructuring of functional networks
- Other Brain areas substitute for lost function
Morphological Changes
- Neurogenesis
- Synaptogenesis
- Axonal Sprouting
Molecular Changes
- Gene Activation
- Protein Synthesis
- Nerve, vascular growth factor production

24
Q

Rehab Recovery Test

A

Time difference to do various arm related everyday tasks pre and post treatment

25
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

Usage of magnetic fields to induce electrical change in specified brain areas

26
Q

Advantage of rTMS

A

Non-invasive, feasible and safe, no systemic side effects, focal effects

27
Q

Inhibitory frequency of rTMS

A

Inhibitory 1 Hz

28
Q

Facilitative frequency of rTMS

A

Facilitative 5-10 Hz

29
Q

Usage of inhibitory rTMS

A

Healthy region of the brain can send inhibitory signals to damaged areas of the brain which prevents the damaged area from getting used.

Inhibition of the healthy region can stop that inhibitory signaling

30
Q

Usage of Facilitative rTMS

A

Stimulation of damaged areas of the brain to increase neuroplasticity

MED PHYS (26 decks)

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