B2W2

Question 1

3 Types of neuronal signaling

Answer 1

Excitatory, Inhibitory, Modulatory

Question 2

Excitatory Input

Answer 2

Inward flow of positive charge depolarization

Question 3

Main Excitatory Neurotransmitter of the CNS

Answer 3

Glutamate
“Mates are exciting”

Question 4

EPSP Reversal Potential

Answer 4

~0 mV

Question 5

Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 5

GABA
“B” for brain

Question 6

Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the spine

Answer 6

Glycine
“s” sound for spine

Question 7

IPSP Reversal Potential

Answer 7

~71 mV

Question 8

Modulatory Neurotransmitters

Answer 8

Norepinephrine

Question 9

Reversal Potential

Answer 9

Reversal potential is the point in which the flow flow of ions in and out of the cell is equal.

Question 10

Factors Determining Membrane Threshold

Answer 10

Na+ Channels and K+ Channels concentration.
Low Na+ channels and High K+ channels mean higher threshold must be reached.

Question 11

Types of neuronal signal summation

Answer 11

Spatial and Temporal

Question 12

Spatial Summation

Answer 12

Many EPSPs from multiple dendrites onto one soma

Question 13

Temporal Summation

Answer 13

EPSPs combined in rapid succession due to some channels always being open before the next signal.

Question 14

Glutamate Receptors

Answer 14

Ionotropic
- AMPA
-NMDA
-Kainate

Metabotropic

Question 15

AMPA Receptors

Answer 15

Fast acting excitatory channels that allow for the flow of Na+ into the cell resulting in a fast depolarization

1-10 ms

Question 16

NMDA Receptor

Answer 16

Slow acting excitatory channel that allows for further depolarization from the flow of Ca2+ ions into the cell. Only occurs after the initial depolarization caused by the opening of AMPA receptors.

10-100 ms

Question 17

Importance of Synaptic Plasticity

Answer 17

Important for working and long-term memory

Question 18

Facilitation

Answer 18

Short term 10-100 ms increase in EPSP caused by the accumulation of Ca2+ ions in the nerve terminal.
Requires high frequency.

Increase in quantal content

Question 19

Depression

Answer 19

Decrease in EPSPs caused by the depletion of usable vesicles. Happens at high and low frequency.

Decrease in quantal content

Question 20

Quantal Size

Answer 20

Presynaptic: Transmitters per vesicle
Postsynaptic: Receptor availability

Question 21

Quantal Content

Answer 21

Presynaptic: Number of vesicles released

Question 22

NMJ Plasticity

Answer 22

Changes in EPP

Question 23

NMJ Depression

Answer 23

Reduction in quantal content, Strong at high quantal content because it is caused by the depletion of releasable vesicles

Question 24

NMJ Facillitation

Answer 24

Increase in quantal content. Strongest at low quantal content. Caused by high frequency activation and the accumulation of Ca2+ ions in the nerve terminal.

Question 25

NMJ Blockade at postsynaptic AChrs

Answer 25

Threshold remains the same. Number of available ACh receptors decreases. Overall decrease in EPP amplitude.

Question 26

Curare

Answer 26

Decreases EPP by blocking available AChrs

Question 27

NMJ Blockade at presynaptic Ca2+ channels

Answer 27

Initial EPP is below threshold. High frequency of stimulation is needed to bring EPP above threshold. However, depression of the NMJ will be slower.

Question 28

Other Excitatory Neurotransmitters besides Glutamate

Answer 28

Acetylcholine, Serotonin, and ATP

Question 29

Ionotropic Receptors

Answer 29

Fast Transmission channels that can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 30

Metabotropic

Answer 30

Slow transmission GPCRs mainly used for modulatory effects

Question 31

Putative Neurotransmitters

Answer 31

Molecules that act similar to Neurotransmitters but are not themselves Neurotransmitters

Question 32

Nitric Oxide

Answer 32

Not released but produced by the influx of Ca2+ channels activating Nitric Oxide Synthase. As a lipophilic gas it is able to move through the cell membrane easily.

Question 33

Endocannabinoids

Answer 33

Anandamide that mimics THC. Acts on GPCRs

Question 34

Growth Factor

Answer 34

Plays important role in Signaling in adults

Question 35

Autoinhibition

Answer 35

Molecules released into the synaptic cleft bind to the original neuron and inhibit it

Question 36

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Answer 36

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine

Question 37

Peptides

Answer 37

Long amino acid chains that are produced within the cell body and stored within large dense vesicles. May act far away from point of release

Question 38

Bioamines

Answer 38

Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine

Question 39

GABA Receptors

Answer 39

Pentameric ion channel with multiple binding sites for agonists, antagonists, and allosteric activators

Question 40

GABA Allosteric Activators

Answer 40

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

Question 41

Barbiturates

Answer 41

Increase the duration that GABA channels are open

Question 42

Benzodiazepines

Answer 42

Increase frequency in which GABA binds to receptors

Question 43

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 43

Fight or Flight Think "its pathetic to run from a fight"

Question 44

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 44

Rest and Digest Think "Para para the platypus, he is a chill platypus"

Question 45

Sympathetic Nervous System Neuronal Structure

Answer 45

Cells exit from the Thoracic and Lumbar regions of the spinal cord. They start with a very short preganglionic neuron followed by a longer postganglionic neuron

Question 46

Parasympathetic Nervous System Structure

Answer 46

Cells exit from the Cranial and Sacral regions of the Spinal Cord. They start with a long preganglionic neuron followed by an extremely short postganglionic neuron. Ganglion can even be within the target organ.

Question 47

Peripheral Nervous System Pathways

Answer 47

Dorsal side receives sensory information Ventral side sends signals

Question 48

Muscarinic Cholinoceptor-Mediated effects

Answer 48

Activation by ACh receptors. Causes a myriad of effects mainly to do with rest.

Question 49

Adrenergic Signaling

Answer 49

Activated by Norepinephrine

Question 50

Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated effects

Answer 50

Alpha 1 Fight or flight contraction response Alpha 2 Fight or flight inhibition response

Question 51

Parasympathetic Postganglionic NT and Postsynaptic receptor

Answer 51

Acetylcholine -> Muscarinic

Question 52

Parasympathetic relaxation of smooth muscle

Answer 52

ACh binds to GPCr (Muscarinic) or VIP receptor -> IP3 -> increase calcium -> Activates nitric oxide synthase -> nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscle

Question 53

Sympathetic Stimulation of smooth muscle

Answer 53

ATP, Norepinephrine, and Neuropeptide Y release from synaptic vesicles ATP binds to ion channels which allow for Ca2+ and Na+ to flow into the cell which depolarizes and opens another Ca2+ channel Norepinephrine activates alpha 1 adrenergic g protein receptors and opens channel in the ER to release stored Ca2+ Neuropeptide Y bunds to Y1 receptors and move Ca2+ into the cell

Question 54

Cholinergic Receptors

Answer 54

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

Question 55

Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 55

Bind Norepinephrine Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Beta 1 and Beta 2

Question 56

Postganglion Synapse Receptor of Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 56

Adrenergic Receptors