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MED PHYS > B2W2 > Flashcards

B2W2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Types of neuronal signaling

A

Excitatory, Inhibitory, Modulatory

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2
Q

Excitatory Input

A

Inward flow of positive charge depolarization

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3
Q

Main Excitatory Neurotransmitter of the CNS

A

Glutamate
“Mates are exciting”

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4
Q

EPSP Reversal Potential

A

~0 mV

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5
Q

Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA
“B” for brain

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6
Q

Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the spine

A

Glycine
“s” sound for spine

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7
Q

IPSP Reversal Potential

A

~71 mV

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8
Q

Modulatory Neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine

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9
Q

Reversal Potential

A

Reversal potential is the point in which the flow flow of ions in and out of the cell is equal.

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10
Q

Factors Determining Membrane Threshold

A

Na+ Channels and K+ Channels concentration.
Low Na+ channels and High K+ channels mean higher threshold must be reached.

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11
Q

Types of neuronal signal summation

A

Spatial and Temporal

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12
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Many EPSPs from multiple dendrites onto one soma

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13
Q

Temporal Summation

A

EPSPs combined in rapid succession due to some channels always being open before the next signal.

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14
Q

Glutamate Receptors

A

Ionotropic
- AMPA
-NMDA
-Kainate

Metabotropic

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15
Q

AMPA Receptors

A

Fast acting excitatory channels that allow for the flow of Na+ into the cell resulting in a fast depolarization

1-10 ms

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16
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

Slow acting excitatory channel that allows for further depolarization from the flow of Ca2+ ions into the cell. Only occurs after the initial depolarization caused by the opening of AMPA receptors.

10-100 ms

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17
Q

Importance of Synaptic Plasticity

A

Important for working and long-term memory

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18
Q

Facilitation

A

Short term 10-100 ms increase in EPSP caused by the accumulation of Ca2+ ions in the nerve terminal.
Requires high frequency.

Increase in quantal content

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19
Q

Depression

A

Decrease in EPSPs caused by the depletion of usable vesicles. Happens at high and low frequency.

Decrease in quantal content

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20
Q

Quantal Size

A

Presynaptic: Transmitters per vesicle
Postsynaptic: Receptor availability

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21
Q

Quantal Content

A

Presynaptic: Number of vesicles released

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22
Q

NMJ Plasticity

A

Changes in EPP

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23
Q

NMJ Depression

A

Reduction in quantal content, Strong at high quantal content because it is caused by the depletion of releasable vesicles

24
Q

NMJ Facillitation

A

Increase in quantal content. Strongest at low quantal content. Caused by high frequency activation and the accumulation of Ca2+ ions in the nerve terminal.

25
Q

NMJ Blockade at postsynaptic AChrs

A

Threshold remains the same. Number of available ACh receptors decreases. Overall decrease in EPP amplitude.

26
Q

Curare

A

Decreases EPP by blocking available AChrs

27
Q

NMJ Blockade at presynaptic Ca2+ channels

A

Initial EPP is below threshold. High frequency of stimulation is needed to bring EPP above threshold. However, depression of the NMJ will be slower.

28
Q

Other Excitatory Neurotransmitters besides Glutamate

A

Acetylcholine, Serotonin, and ATP

29
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

Fast Transmission channels that can be excitatory or inhibitory

30
Q

Metabotropic

A

Slow transmission GPCRs mainly used for modulatory effects

31
Q

Putative Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules that act similar to Neurotransmitters but are not themselves Neurotransmitters

32
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Not released but produced by the influx of Ca2+ channels activating Nitric Oxide Synthase. As a lipophilic gas it is able to move through the cell membrane easily.

33
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Anandamide that mimics THC. Acts on GPCRs

34
Q

Growth Factor

A

Plays important role in Signaling in adults

35
Q

Autoinhibition

A

Molecules released into the synaptic cleft bind to the original neuron and inhibit it

36
Q

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine

37
Q

Peptides

A

Long amino acid chains that are produced within the cell body and stored within large dense vesicles. May act far away from point of release

38
Q

Bioamines

A

Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine

39
Q

GABA Receptors

A

Pentameric ion channel with multiple binding sites for agonists, antagonists, and allosteric activators

40
Q

GABA Allosteric Activators

A

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

41
Q

Barbiturates

A

Increase the duration that GABA channels are open

42
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Increase frequency in which GABA binds to receptors

43
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight

Think “its pathetic to run from a fight”

44
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and Digest

Think “Para para the platypus, he is a chill platypus”

45
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Neuronal Structure

A

Cells exit from the Thoracic and Lumbar regions of the spinal cord. They start with a very short preganglionic neuron followed by a longer postganglionic neuron

46
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Structure

A

Cells exit from the Cranial and Sacral regions of the Spinal Cord. They start with a long preganglionic neuron followed by an extremely short postganglionic neuron. Ganglion can even be within the target organ.

47
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Pathways

A

Dorsal side receives sensory information
Ventral side sends signals

48
Q

Muscarinic Cholinoceptor-Mediated effects

A

Activation by ACh receptors. Causes a myriad of effects mainly to do with rest.

49
Q

Adrenergic Signaling

A

Activated by Norepinephrine

50
Q

Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated effects

A

Alpha 1 Fight or flight contraction response
Alpha 2 Fight or flight inhibition response

51
Q

Parasympathetic Postganglionic NT and Postsynaptic receptor

A

Acetylcholine -> Muscarinic

52
Q

Parasympathetic relaxation of smooth muscle

A

ACh binds to GPCr (Muscarinic) or VIP receptor -> IP3 -> increase calcium -> Activates nitric oxide synthase -> nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscle

53
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of smooth muscle

A

ATP, Norepinephrine, and Neuropeptide Y release from synaptic vesicles

ATP binds to ion channels which allow for Ca2+ and Na+ to flow into the cell which depolarizes and opens another Ca2+ channel

Norepinephrine activates alpha 1 adrenergic g protein receptors and opens channel in the ER to release stored Ca2+

Neuropeptide Y bunds to Y1 receptors and move Ca2+ into the cell

54
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

55
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Bind Norepinephrine
Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
Beta 1 and Beta 2

56
Q

Postganglion Synapse Receptor of Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Adrenergic Receptors

MED PHYS (26 decks)

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