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MED PHYS > B2W1 Med Phys Nervous System Development and Organization > Flashcards

B2W1 Med Phys Nervous System Development and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Main breakdown of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory and Motor Functions

Somatic nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Anatomy of Somatic Nervous System

A

One neuron system
efferent axon synapses directly on to muscle at the NMJ
Innervation is excitatory
Neurotransmitter is ACh

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5
Q

Efferent vs. Afferent

A

Efferent “E” Exit from Central Nervous System
Afferent “A” is an arrow toward the Central Nervous system

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6
Q

Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Two Neuron System
Pre- and post-ganglionic fibers
Innervation can be excitatory or inhibitory
Multiple Neurotransmitters
ACh, NE, and Epi

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7
Q

Fast Anterograde Axoplasmic Transport

A

Fast Transport moves membranous organelles, vesicles, and macromolecules
Uses kinesin to move molecules along the microtubules towards the positive end of the tubules

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8
Q

Retrograde Axoplasmic Transport

A

Growth factor is moved towards the cell body via dynein or MAP-1C

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9
Q

Slow Axoplasmic Transport

A

Transport of proteins with the help of neurofilaments and microtubule subunits

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10
Q

Neuronal Structure Classifications

A

Axonal Projection
Dendritic Pattern
-Pyramidal
-Stellate
Number of Processes
- Unipolar
- Bipolar
- Multipolar

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11
Q

Neural Modalities

A

Direction
- Afferent
- Efferent
Anatomical Distribution
- Visceral
- Somatic
Embryological Organ
- Special
- General

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12
Q

Special Embryonic Cells

A

Cells that mature into sensory neurons

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13
Q

Development of the Nervous System

A

Three Tissue Layers exist
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
- Nervous System
- Skin

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14
Q

From what layer does the nervous system derive from?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

Steps of Neural Development in Fetus

A

Mesodermal Cells -> Notochord -> Neurulation is induced -> Neuroectoderm is formed by the notochord pulling down the neural plate -> Neural plate being pulled down causes a neural grove to form with neural crest along the sides -> The neural crest come together and separate from the ectoderm and the neural groove becomes the neural tube -> The neural tube becomes the spinal cord and the neural crest becomes the dorsal root ganglion

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16
Q

Embryonic Brain Development Regions First 28 Days

A

From top to bottom:
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Spinal Cord

17
Q

Embryonic Brain Development Regions 35 Days

A

From top to bottom:
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal Cord

18
Q

Adult Derivative of the Telencephalon

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

19
Q

Adult Derivative of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Neuropituitary

20
Q

Adult Derivative of the Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

21
Q

Adult Derivative of the Metencephalon

A

Pons
Cerebellum

22
Q

Adult Derivative of the Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

23
Q

Spinal Cord/Neural Tube plates

A

Alar Plate and Basal Plate

24
Q

Alar Plate

A

Becomes Dorsal Horn
Receives sensory input

25
Q

Basal Plate

A

Becomes Ventral Horn
Motor neurons leave this horn to innervate muscle

26
Q

Brain Defects

A

Anencephaly
Cephalocele
Meningiocele

27
Q

Spina Bifida Defects

A

Spina Bifida Occulta
Spina Bifida Cystica
Myelomeningocele

28
Q

Anencephaly

A

Absence of the brain

29
Q

Cephalocele

A

Partial Brain Herniation

30
Q

Meningocele

A

Meningeal Herniation

31
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

Vertebral Arch Defect
Incomplete vertebral arch formation

32
Q

Spina Bifida Cycstica

A

Herniation of the dura through an opening in an incomplete vertebral arch

33
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Herniation of the spinal cord and the dura through an opening in an incomplete vertebral arch

34
Q

Steps of Axonal Degeneration

A

Distal to lesion site the synapse will begin to degrade -> Wallerian Degradation the axon distal and farthest from the cell body past the lesion will degrade -> Myelin degenerates leaving behind debris -> Microglia and Macrophages clean up the leftover debris -> Chromatolysis the ER of the cell body degrades -> Retrograde and Anterograde trans-neuronal degeneration

MED PHYS (26 decks)

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