B3 (biology) Flashcards
Name the 4 types of pathogen
Fungi
Protist
Bacteria
Virus
Name 3 viral diseases
Measles
HIV
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)
Name 2 Bacterial disease
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
Name 2 fungal disease
Rose black spot
Athletes foot
Name one protist disease
Malaria
State 3 symptoms of measles
Red skin rashes
Fever
Headaches
How is measles spread?
Air from coughing and sneezing
How is measles prevented?
Vaccination
How do you prevent measles from spreading?
Isolation
State 2 symptoms of HIV
Flu-like symptoms
AIDS
State 3 symptoms of TMV
Yellow discolouration on the leaves
Not able to grow
Chloroplast is destroyed
How does TMV lead to stunt growth in a plant?
Energy is required for the plant to grow
There are black spots on the leave
So there will be less chloroplast
Less chlorophyll in the chloroplast
Less light energy absorbed
Less photosynthesis
Less glucose produced
Less respiration
Less energy released
Less growth for the plant
State 4 symptoms of salmonella
Fever
Stomach Cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
How is salmonella spread?
Eating uncooked food and meat
How can salmonella be prevented?
Cooking food thoroughly
Washing hands
State 2 symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick yellow/green discharge
Pain while urinating
How is gonorrhoea spread and prevented?
Spread through sex
Prevented through using barrier protection e.g condoms
How can gonorrhoea be treated?
Antibiotics
State a symptom of athletes foot
Dry itchiness between toes
How can athletes foot be spread?
Sharing socks and shoes with someone that is contaminated to this disease
Walking on contaminated public areas e.g swimming baths
How to prevent athletes foot? State 2 ways to
Wear footwear when walking on public areas
Dry feet properly
How can athletes foot be treated?
Spray fungicide
State 3 symptoms of rose black spot
Purple/black spots on leaves
Leaves turning yellow and then falling off
Damage chloroplast
How is rose black spot spread and prevented it from spreading?
Spread through direct contact
Prevent it from spreading by burning it
How is rose black spot treated?
Spray fungicide
How can bacteria make you ill?
Releases toxins that damages tissues and cells
How does virus make you ill?
live
Goes inside your cells and reproduces in cells causing cell damage
Define multi-cellular
Make up from a lot of cells e.g plant
Define unicellular
Made up from one cell e.g bacteria
How is malaria spread?
Through mosquito bites
State a symptom of malaria
extreme high fevers
How is malaria prevented?
Repellent spray/bracelet
Sleep under a mosquito net
How is malaria treated?
Anti-malaria drugs
State 3 ways that pathogens can be spread
Direct contact
Water
Air
Name 4 of the body’s nonspecific defence systems
Skin
Nose
Stomach
Trachea
How can eyes defend the pathogen from entering?
Lysozymes helps to break down pathogens
How can skin defend the pathogen from entering?
Anti microbial secretions
Physical barrier to prevent the pathogen entering
How does the nose prevent pathogens from making us ill?
Mucus and nose hair traps the pathogen and then the cilia (ciliates epithelial cells) wafts the pathogen back up and out the body
How does the trachea prevent pathogens from making us feel ill?
Mucus traps the pathogens , ciliates cells wafts the pathogens up and out the body
How does the stomach prevent pathogens from making us ill?
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach will kill the pathogens
How does the Virginia/penis prevent pathogens from making us?
Slightly acidic so it can kill the pathogens
What are the two types of white blood cells?
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
State three ways whites blood cells can help defend us against pathogens
Phagocytosis
Antibody production
Antitoxins production
Which type of white blood cell carries out phagocytosis?
Phagocytes
Which type of white blood cells carries out antibody and antitoxins production?
Lymphocytes
What are antigens?
Protein on the surface of a pathogen
What does engulf mean?
To absorb or break down something
What is a tumour?
Abnormal growth of cells
Uncontrolled mitosis caused by a mutation in the DNA
Define ‘benign tumour’
Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area in a membrane
Define ‘malignant tumour’
Growth of abnormal cells that spreads to other parts of the body in the blood to invade other tissues
What is in a vaccination?
A dead or weaken version of the pathogen
State three ways that drugs can be produced
extracted from plants
Microorganism
Synthesised
Where does heart drug digitalis originate from?
foxgloves
Where does the pain killer aspirin originate from?
willow trees
Where does the antibiotic penicillin originate from?
penicillium mould
What is a drug?
something that has a biological effect on the organism
What is a painkiller used for?
treat symptoms
What is an antibiotic used for?
Treat the cause
State 3 things that drugs are tested and trialled for before use
Toxicity (safe)
Efficacy (does it work)
Dose (quantity)
What is used to test drugs during pre-clinical testing?
cells, tissues , live animals
Who are medicines tested on in stage 1 of clinical trials?
healthy volunteers (optimum dosage, test for toxicity and side-effects)
Who medicines tested on in stage 2 of clinical trials?
patient volunteers ( low doses-test for efficacy and dose)
Who are medicines tested on in stage 3 of clinical trials?
Large groups of sick patients to check for further efficacy and optimum dosage
What is a double blind trial?
Neither the doctor or the patient knows if the patients are taking medicine or a placebo
What is a placebo and what is its use?
A substance that contains no medicine (fake drug) and is used so people aren’t being bias with if it works or not
What is the last step in developing drugs?
Peer review
What is the name for the injection given to patients to prevent from catching an infectious disease?
Vaccination
What does plants need from the soil?
Mineral ions
Where can the plants get mineral ions?
Soil
If there isn’t enough mineral ions for a plant , what will they suffer from?
Deficiency symptoms
Why does plants need nitrate?
Nitrate is needed to make protein and therefore for growth
What will happen if a plant lacks nitrates?
It will cause stunted growth
Why are magnesium ions needed for a plant ?
To make chlorophyll , which is needed for photosynthesis
What will plants suffer from if they lack magnesium?
Chlorosis and have yellow leaves
State two benefits of vaccination
Prevent illness in an individual and prevent spreads to others
State 7 ways of detecting plant diseases
Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay
Growths
Malformed leaves/stems
Discolouration
Pests
State 3 ways of identifying a plant disease
Gardening manual/websites
Testing in a lab
Testing using MAB (monoclonal antibodies)
Name one insect that affects plants
Aphids
Name 3 physical defences in plants
Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticles
Layers of dead cells on stems e.g bark
Name 2 chemical defence in plants
Antibacterial chemicals
poisons
Name 3 mechanicals adaptations of plants
Thorns/hairs
Drooping/curling leaves
Mimicry
What is the name given to the chemicals that is sprayed on plants to kill pests?
Pesticides
What is the name given to the chemicals that is sprayed on plants to kill weeds?
Herbicides
What is the name given to chemicals that are sprayed on plants to encourage growth?
Fertiliser
What does NPK stand for in fertilisers?
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
What is the name given to plants that have been grown without the use of use of artificial chemicals?
Organic
How do bacterial cells multiply?
Binary fission
How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a culture?
2 to the power of number of divisions
What equipment is required to grow a culture of bacteria?
Agar gel
Petri dish
Inoculating loop
Bacteria sample
Disinfectant
Why is the inoculating loop passed through a flame?
To sterilise it (kill any other bacteria)
What is used to dispose of the used agar?
Place it into an autoclave
How do we calculate the size of inhibition?
Area = pi x r squared
How can you decide by looking at the zone of inhibition which is the best antibiotic/antiseptic
It has the biggest clear zone/biggest area free from bacteria
How frequent do bacteria (on average) multiply?
Every 20 minutes
What is needed for bacteria to be able to grow?
Enough nutrients and suitable temperature
Why must the Petri dish be sterilised before use?
To prevent contamination
Why is the lid of Petri dish be sealed with tape?
To prevent contamination
Why are spaces left in the adhesive tape?
To allow oxygen in to the Petri dish / prevent anaerobic
What temperature is the bacteria cultured at?
25
Why is the Petri dish stored upside down?
To prevent condensation from dripping onto culture
State the two cells required to produce monoclonal antibodies
Mouse lymphocytes
Tumour cells
Describe the processes in binary fission
The DNA replicates
Cell elongates
The DNA moves to opposite ends
They divide into 2 cells
Name the cell that is reproduced from joining the two cells together in monoclonal antibody production
Hybridoma
State 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies
Diagnosis e.g pregnancy test
Testing in labs
Tagging molecules with dye
Disease treatment
How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer treatment?
MAB bound to radioactive substance that finds & binds with cancer cells
Why are “monoclonal antibodies” given this name?
Formed from clones of a single hybridoma cell
Where is the lymphocytes that is used in monoclonal antibodies collected from?
A mouse
Why is a lymphocyte used for making monoclonal antibodies?
It produces a specific antibody
Why is a tumour cell used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
It divides rapidly
State two advantages of using monoclonal antibodies
Treat wide range of conditions
bind to specific cells therefore it doesnt damage surrounding cells
State two disadvantages of using monoclonal
Expensive
lots of side effects
State 3 examples of side effects caused by monoclonal antibodies
Fever
muscle pains
Nausea
