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B3 (biology) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 4 types of pathogen

A

Fungi
Protist
Bacteria
Virus

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2
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

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3
Q

Name 2 Bacterial disease

A

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

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4
Q

Name 2 fungal disease

A

Rose black spot
Athletes foot

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5
Q

Name one protist disease

A

Malaria

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6
Q

State 3 symptoms of measles

A

Red skin rashes
Fever
Headaches

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7
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Air from coughing and sneezing

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8
Q

How is measles prevented?

A

Vaccination

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9
Q

How do you prevent measles from spreading?

A

Isolation

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10
Q

State 2 symptoms of HIV

A

Flu-like symptoms
AIDS

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11
Q

State 3 symptoms of TMV

A

Yellow discolouration on the leaves
Not able to grow
Chloroplast is destroyed

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12
Q

How does TMV lead to stunt growth in a plant?

A

Energy is required for the plant to grow
There are black spots on the leave
So there will be less chloroplast
Less chlorophyll in the chloroplast
Less light energy absorbed
Less photosynthesis
Less glucose produced
Less respiration
Less energy released
Less growth for the plant

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13
Q

State 4 symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever
Stomach Cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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14
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Eating uncooked food and meat

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15
Q

How can salmonella be prevented?

A

Cooking food thoroughly
Washing hands

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16
Q

State 2 symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow/green discharge
Pain while urinating

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17
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread and prevented?

A

Spread through sex
Prevented through using barrier protection e.g condoms

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18
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated?

A

Antibiotics

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19
Q

State a symptom of athletes foot

A

Dry itchiness between toes

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20
Q

How can athletes foot be spread?

A

Sharing socks and shoes with someone that is contaminated to this disease
Walking on contaminated public areas e.g swimming baths

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21
Q

How to prevent athletes foot? State 2 ways to

A

Wear footwear when walking on public areas
Dry feet properly

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22
Q

How can athletes foot be treated?

A

Spray fungicide

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23
Q

State 3 symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple/black spots on leaves
Leaves turning yellow and then falling off
Damage chloroplast

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24
Q

How is rose black spot spread and prevented it from spreading?

A

Spread through direct contact
Prevent it from spreading by burning it

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25
Q

How is rose black spot treated?

A

Spray fungicide

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26
Q

How can bacteria make you ill?

A

Releases toxins that damages tissues and cells

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27
Q

How does virus make you ill?

A

live
Goes inside your cells and reproduces in cells causing cell damage

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28
Q

Define multi-cellular

A

Make up from a lot of cells e.g plant

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29
Q

Define unicellular

A

Made up from one cell e.g bacteria

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30
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Through mosquito bites

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31
Q

State a symptom of malaria

A

extreme high fevers

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32
Q

How is malaria prevented?

A

Repellent spray/bracelet
Sleep under a mosquito net

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33
Q

How is malaria treated?

A

Anti-malaria drugs

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34
Q

State 3 ways that pathogens can be spread

A

Direct contact
Water
Air

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35
Q

Name 4 of the body’s nonspecific defence systems

A

Skin
Nose
Stomach
Trachea

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36
Q

How can eyes defend the pathogen from entering?

A

Lysozymes helps to break down pathogens

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37
Q

How can skin defend the pathogen from entering?

A

Anti microbial secretions
Physical barrier to prevent the pathogen entering

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38
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens from making us ill?

A

Mucus and nose hair traps the pathogen and then the cilia (ciliates epithelial cells) wafts the pathogen back up and out the body

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39
Q

How does the trachea prevent pathogens from making us feel ill?

A

Mucus traps the pathogens , ciliates cells wafts the pathogens up and out the body

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40
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens from making us ill?

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach will kill the pathogens

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41
Q

How does the Virginia/penis prevent pathogens from making us?

A

Slightly acidic so it can kill the pathogens

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42
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes
Phagocytes

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43
Q

State three ways whites blood cells can help defend us against pathogens

A

Phagocytosis
Antibody production
Antitoxins production

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44
Q

Which type of white blood cell carries out phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes

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45
Q

Which type of white blood cells carries out antibody and antitoxins production?

A

Lymphocytes

46
Q

What are antigens?

A

Protein on the surface of a pathogen

47
Q

What does engulf mean?

A

To absorb or break down something

48
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Abnormal growth of cells
Uncontrolled mitosis caused by a mutation in the DNA

49
Q

Define ‘benign tumour’

A

Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area in a membrane

50
Q

Define ‘malignant tumour’

A

Growth of abnormal cells that spreads to other parts of the body in the blood to invade other tissues

51
Q

What is in a vaccination?

A

A dead or weaken version of the pathogen

52
Q

State three ways that drugs can be produced

A

extracted from plants
Microorganism
Synthesised

53
Q

Where does heart drug digitalis originate from?

A

foxgloves

54
Q

Where does the pain killer aspirin originate from?

A

willow trees

55
Q

Where does the antibiotic penicillin originate from?

A

penicillium mould

56
Q

What is a drug?

A

something that has a biological effect on the organism

57
Q

What is a painkiller used for?

A

treat symptoms

58
Q

What is an antibiotic used for?

A

Treat the cause

59
Q

State 3 things that drugs are tested and trialled for before use

A

Toxicity (safe)
Efficacy (does it work)
Dose (quantity)

60
Q

What is used to test drugs during pre-clinical testing?

A

cells, tissues , live animals

61
Q

Who are medicines tested on in stage 1 of clinical trials?

A

healthy volunteers (optimum dosage, test for toxicity and side-effects)

62
Q

Who medicines tested on in stage 2 of clinical trials?

A

patient volunteers ( low doses-test for efficacy and dose)

63
Q

Who are medicines tested on in stage 3 of clinical trials?

A

Large groups of sick patients to check for further efficacy and optimum dosage

64
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Neither the doctor or the patient knows if the patients are taking medicine or a placebo

65
Q

What is a placebo and what is its use?

A

A substance that contains no medicine (fake drug) and is used so people aren’t being bias with if it works or not

66
Q

What is the last step in developing drugs?

A

Peer review

67
Q

What is the name for the injection given to patients to prevent from catching an infectious disease?

A

Vaccination

68
Q

What does plants need from the soil?

A

Mineral ions

69
Q

Where can the plants get mineral ions?

A

Soil

70
Q

If there isn’t enough mineral ions for a plant , what will they suffer from?

A

Deficiency symptoms

71
Q

Why does plants need nitrate?

A

Nitrate is needed to make protein and therefore for growth

72
Q

What will happen if a plant lacks nitrates?

A

It will cause stunted growth

73
Q

Why are magnesium ions needed for a plant ?

A

To make chlorophyll , which is needed for photosynthesis

74
Q

What will plants suffer from if they lack magnesium?

A

Chlorosis and have yellow leaves

75
Q

State two benefits of vaccination

A

Prevent illness in an individual and prevent spreads to others

76
Q

State 7 ways of detecting plant diseases

A

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay
Growths
Malformed leaves/stems
Discolouration
Pests

77
Q

State 3 ways of identifying a plant disease

A

Gardening manual/websites
Testing in a lab
Testing using MAB (monoclonal antibodies)

78
Q

Name one insect that affects plants

A

Aphids

79
Q

Name 3 physical defences in plants

A

Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticles
Layers of dead cells on stems e.g bark

80
Q

Name 2 chemical defence in plants

A

Antibacterial chemicals
poisons

81
Q

Name 3 mechanicals adaptations of plants

A

Thorns/hairs
Drooping/curling leaves
Mimicry

82
Q

What is the name given to the chemicals that is sprayed on plants to kill pests?

A

Pesticides

83
Q

What is the name given to the chemicals that is sprayed on plants to kill weeds?

A

Herbicides

84
Q

What is the name given to chemicals that are sprayed on plants to encourage growth?

A

Fertiliser

85
Q

What does NPK stand for in fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

86
Q

What is the name given to plants that have been grown without the use of use of artificial chemicals?

A

Organic

87
Q

How do bacterial cells multiply?

A

Binary fission

88
Q

How do you calculate the number of bacteria in a culture?

A

2 to the power of number of divisions

89
Q

What equipment is required to grow a culture of bacteria?

A

Agar gel
Petri dish
Inoculating loop
Bacteria sample
Disinfectant

90
Q

Why is the inoculating loop passed through a flame?

A

To sterilise it (kill any other bacteria)

91
Q

What is used to dispose of the used agar?

A

Place it into an autoclave

92
Q

How do we calculate the size of inhibition?

A

Area = pi x r squared

93
Q

How can you decide by looking at the zone of inhibition which is the best antibiotic/antiseptic

A

It has the biggest clear zone/biggest area free from bacteria

94
Q

How frequent do bacteria (on average) multiply?

A

Every 20 minutes

95
Q

What is needed for bacteria to be able to grow?

A

Enough nutrients and suitable temperature

96
Q

Why must the Petri dish be sterilised before use?

A

To prevent contamination

97
Q

Why is the lid of Petri dish be sealed with tape?

A

To prevent contamination

98
Q

Why are spaces left in the adhesive tape?

A

To allow oxygen in to the Petri dish / prevent anaerobic

99
Q

What temperature is the bacteria cultured at?

A

25

100
Q

Why is the Petri dish stored upside down?

A

To prevent condensation from dripping onto culture

101
Q

State the two cells required to produce monoclonal antibodies

A

Mouse lymphocytes
Tumour cells

102
Q

Describe the processes in binary fission

A

The DNA replicates
Cell elongates
The DNA moves to opposite ends
They divide into 2 cells

103
Q

Name the cell that is reproduced from joining the two cells together in monoclonal antibody production

A

Hybridoma

104
Q

State 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Diagnosis e.g pregnancy test

Testing in labs

Tagging molecules with dye

Disease treatment

105
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer treatment?

A

MAB bound to radioactive substance that finds & binds with cancer cells

106
Q

Why are “monoclonal antibodies” given this name?

A

Formed from clones of a single hybridoma cell

107
Q

Where is the lymphocytes that is used in monoclonal antibodies collected from?

A

A mouse

108
Q

Why is a lymphocyte used for making monoclonal antibodies?

A

It produces a specific antibody

109
Q

Why is a tumour cell used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

A

It divides rapidly

110
Q

State two advantages of using monoclonal antibodies

A

Treat wide range of conditions
bind to specific cells therefore it doesnt damage surrounding cells

111
Q

State two disadvantages of using monoclonal

A

Expensive
lots of side effects

112
Q

State 3 examples of side effects caused by monoclonal antibodies

A

Fever
muscle pains
Nausea

Science 3x (12 decks)

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