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B1 (biology) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that has its DNA contained in a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that has its DNA floaty freely in its cytoplasm

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3
Q

Give an example of eukaryotic cell

A

Animal and plant cells

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4
Q

Give an example of prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What is the function of a nucleus ?

A

Contains the DNA and controls the activity of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Where respiration takes place

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7
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions go in inside the cell (including anaerobic respiration)
(Supports internal cell structures)

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8
Q

What is the function of cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leave the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the large vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap,(a solution of sugars and salts dissolved in water) (acts like a water store in the cell)
(Also helps support the shape of the cell)

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

contains chlorophll that Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Stops the cell from bursting and gives the organism a firm shape (strengths the cell)
(Made of cellulose) (a polymer of glucose)

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12
Q

What is the approximate size of a prokaryotic cell?

A

0.1-5.0 µm (micrometer)

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13
Q

What is the approximate size of an eukaryotic cell?

A

10-100 µm ( micrometer)

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14
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process of cells becoming specialised to perform a particular function (this process is irreversible)

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15
Q

What is cell division?

A

The splitting of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

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16
Q

Name 3 specialised cells found in the animal and 3 in the plant

A

Animal : muscle cell, nerve cell , sperm cell

Plant : root hair cell, phloem , xylem

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17
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

Contract/relax the muscle for movement

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18
Q

State one adaptation of a muscle cell

A

Lots of mitochondria for releasing energy for contraction

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19
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To swim/ find an egg cell and fertilise it

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20
Q

State three adaptation of a sperm cell

A

Flagellum (tail) to swim
Lots of mitochondria to release energy to move
Enzyme in its head (in the acrosome) to penetrate the egg (to break the egg’s cell membrane)

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21
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Carry information as electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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22
Q

State three adaptations of a nerve cell

A

Dendrites to connect to other neurones
Long axon to cover large distances
Myelin sheath to speed up impulses

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23
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

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24
Q

State two adaptations of a root hair cell

A

Large surface area (long extension) to icrease the rate of absroption
Lots of mitochondria to release energy for active transport of mineral ions

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25
Q

What is the function of a xylem cell?

A

Carry water and minerals from roots to leaves

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26
Q

State three adaptations of a xylem cell

A

Walls have lignin to give strength, stops it from bursting
No end walls (hollow tubes)
Made from thick dead tissues

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27
Q

State three adaptions of a phloem cell

A

Made from living tissue
End walls have sieve cells to help the glucose flow through and in the right directions
Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

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27
Q

What is the function of a phloem cell?

A

Transport glucose within a plant

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28
Q

What is used to stain plants to see them better under a microscope?

A

Iodine

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29
Q

What is used to stain animal cells to seem them better under a microscope?

A

Methylene

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30
Q

Define resolution

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other.

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31
Q

Define magnification

A

Magnification is how many times bigger the image of a specimen observed in comparison to its actual (real-life) size. Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger, such as making a microscopic organism visible.

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32
Q

State the symbol equation for magnification

A

I=AM

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33
Q

State the word equation for magnification

A

Imagine size = actual size x magnification

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34
Q

Which microscope has the highest magnification?

A

Electron microscope

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35
Q

Which microscope has the lowest resolution (resolving power)?

A

Light microscope

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36
Q

What type of radiation is used for a light microscope?

A

Light

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37
Q

What type of radiation is used for an electron microscope?

A

Electron beam

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38
Q

What is the light microscope focussed by?

A

Glass lenses

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39
Q

What is the electron microscope focussed by

A

Electromagnets

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40
Q

What type of material can be viewed under the light microscope?

A

Any material live or dead

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41
Q

What type of material can be viewed under the electron microscope?

A

Specimin must be dead and dehydrated

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42
Q

What is the size like a for a light microscope?

A

Small and portable

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43
Q

What is the size like for an electron microscope?

A

Incredibly large, once it is installed it can not be transported

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44
Q

What preparation is needed to use a light microscope ?

A

No preparation
No need of specialist training

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45
Q

What is the preparation needed to use an electron microscope?

A

Special training needed to use it

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46
Q

What is the cost like for a light microscope?

A

Cheap

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47
Q

What is the cost for an electron microscope?

A

Expensive

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48
Q

Which microscope produces 3D images?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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49
Q

Define ‘cell’

A

The basic building blocks of all living organisms

50
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

51
Q

Define organ

A

Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

52
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of different organs working together to fulfil a function

53
Q

Define organism

A

Organ systems working together to form an organism

54
Q

Put into order size (smallest to larges) : cell , organism , nucleus , tissue , organ system , organ

A

Nucleus
Cell
Tissues
Organ
Organ systems
Organism

55
Q

What is the cell cycle called?

A

Mitosis

56
Q

What is stage one called in mitosis?

A

Interphase

57
Q

What happens in the interphase?

A

Cell grows
Chromosomes replicate
Organelles increase ( more mitochondria and ribosomes are made)

58
Q

What is stage 2 called in the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

59
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
Chromosomes from each pair gets pulled to opposite ends

60
Q

What is stage 3 called in the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis

61
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

62
Q

What is meant by ‘centi’ ?

A

1/100th (1 hundredth of a meter)

63
Q

What is meant by ‘mili’?

A

1/1000th (1 thousandth of a meter)

64
Q

What is meant by ‘nano’?

A

1/1000000000th (1 billionth of a meter)

65
Q

How do you convert from millimetre to nanometres?

A

X1000

66
Q

What is the name of the cell that can differentiate into specialised cell?

A

Stem cell

67
Q

State the importance of the cell cycle

A

More cells are made for growth and repair

68
Q

Mitosis produces which type of cells?

A

Diploid cells

69
Q

Define ‘stem cell’

A

An undifferentiated cell

70
Q

define a bone marrow?

A

Found inside a bone that contains adult stem cells, that can only be turned into blood cells

71
Q

Where in a plant can you find stem cells?

A

Meristem

72
Q

What is a specialised cell? Give an example

A

A cell with a function e.g roothair cell

73
Q

Name 3 places where stem cells can be found

A

Embryos , adult bone marrow , meristem

74
Q

State 2 conditions that stem cells can be used to treat in humans

A

Paralysis
Type 1 diabetes

75
Q

What is a clone?

A

A genetically identical organism which has been produced asexually

76
Q

What does asexual mean?

A

Reproduction with one person

77
Q

State 2 uses of stem cells in plants

A

Clone rare species
Produce disease resistant crops

78
Q

Describe what is meant by ‘therapeutic cloning’

A

Using clones of a patient’s own stem cells to treat them

79
Q

Which cells are required for therapeutic cloning?

A

Egg cell and a normal body cell from patient

80
Q

State 2 objections to using stem cells in treatment

A

Potential transfer of viral infections
ethical / religious objections

81
Q

What is the independent variable for the ‘potato osmosis practical’?

A

The concentration of the solution

82
Q

What is the dependent variable for the ‘potato osmosis practical’?

A

The percentage change in mass

83
Q

Name 5 control variables in the ‘potato osmosis practical’

A

Length of potato
Diameter of the potato
Volume of solution
Time potato is left in the solution for
Temperature of solution

84
Q

Give 3 ways to make results accurate for the ‘potato osmosis practical’

A

Read the volume of the solution from the meniscus
Dab the potatoes dry before measuring the mass
Use a digital top pan balance

85
Q

Name one risk and precaution of the ‘potato osmosis practical’

A

Risk=cutting yourself with the potato borer
Precaution= push the borer down towards the desk not upwards

86
Q

What is the purpose of the distilled water in the ‘potato osmosis practical’?

A

To act as a control to compare your result to

87
Q

How is the concentration inside the tissue estimated? For the ‘potato osmosis practical”

A

Plot a graph of concentration against % change in mass and find where the Line of best fit crosses 0%

88
Q

How is the percentage change in mass calculated?

A

% change in mass = change in mass / initial mass

89
Q

What is the percentage change calculated rather than just the change? For the ‘potato osmosis practical”

A

The potato may be slightly different sizes and shapes to begin with

90
Q

Why does the tissue increase in mass for the ‘potato osmosis practical’?

A

Water has entered the tissue by osmosis in more dilute solutions

91
Q

How can you tell if there has been an increase in mass?

A

The % change in mass is +ve

92
Q

Why does the tissue decrease in mass?

A

Water gas left the tissue by osmosis in More concentrated solutions

93
Q

How can you tell if there has been a decrease in mass?

A

The % change in mass -ve

94
Q

What doe no change in mass mean?

A

The concentration of the solution is the same as the concentration inside the tissue

95
Q

What are possible variations on this method? (Osmosis)

A

Using any other vegetable/ plants tissue
Using any other food substances
Using a salt solution

96
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The overall movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (down the concentration gradient)
(Passive process) requires no energy

97
Q

What gets diffused out the bloodstream?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water

98
Q

What gets diffused in the bloodstream?

A

Oxygen
Glucose

99
Q

Two examples of diffusion in humans are:

A

CO2 + O2 in gas exchange , urea from cells to blood

100
Q

What are the four factors that affects the Rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area of the membrane
distance

101
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase the temperature?

A

Increases

102
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase the surface area?

A

Increases

103
Q

What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase concentration gradient?

A

Increases

104
Q

What happened to the rate of diffusion as you increase the distance?

A

Decreases

105
Q

How are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

Large surface area : volume ratio

106
Q

How are the small intestine adapted for exchanging materials ?

A

Vili for large surface area
Vili are one cell thick (short distance)
Good blood supply (blood can flow so large concentration gradient)

107
Q

How are lungs adapted for exchanging materials?

A

Alveoli large surface area: volume ratio
Surface is moist
Good blood supply

108
Q

How are gills adapted for exchanging materials?

A

Large surface area
Moist
Good blood flow to maintain concentration gradient

109
Q

Four ways to increase the rate of transport

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane
Efficient blood supply (in animals)
Well ventilated (in animals)

110
Q

How are roots adapted for exchanging materials?

A

Large surface area to volume ratio
Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

111
Q

What is the Equation for volume?

A

Height x width x dept

112
Q

What is a solute?

A

Something that is dissolved into water

113
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water particles that move from a high water potential to a low water potential, through a partially permeable membrane

114
Q

How do you calculate the % change?

A

Change in mass / start mass x 100

115
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration
(It requires energy) (ATP)
(Against the concentration gradient)

116
Q

Why will the pure water move into the potato?

A

The concentration of water is higher outside the potato

117
Q

(RP) how can you tell the concentration of sugar in a piece of potato?

A

Place into different concentration of sugar solution
Plot graph
Find concentration where mass doesn’t change

118
Q

When a substance moves against the concentration gradient , what is it called?

A

Active transport

119
Q

What does active transport require?

A

It requires energy from respiration

120
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis in the cell (the process of cells making protein) (found in the cytoplasm)

121
Q

Where are the chloroplast found in a plant ?

A

Leaf

122
Q

What are cell walls made from in a bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

123
Q

What are the three types of muscle in an animal?

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac (heart)

Science 3x (12 decks)

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