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B2 (biology) (booklet) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the plant tissue where new cells are made?

A

Meristem

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2
Q

What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to absorb water & nutrients from the soil?

A

Root hair cell

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3
Q

What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to open and close the stomata of a plant?

A

Guard cell

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4
Q

Which word describe a guard cell
(A) filled with water
(B) that has very little water

A

(A) filled = turgid
(B) lacking water = flaccid

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5
Q

What is the name of a specialised cell that is adapted to absorb lots of light energy in the leaf?

A

Palisade cell

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6
Q

What is the chemical in the chloroplasts that allow plants cells to absorb lots of light energy?

A

Chlorophyll

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7
Q

Which type of plant tissue is made up of sieve cells and companion cells?

A

Phloem

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8
Q

What is the name for the hole in a leaf that allows gases in and out the water?

A

Stomata/ stoma

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9
Q

What is the name of the plant tissue that is made up of a hollow tube of dead cells

A

Xylem

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10
Q

Which tissue in a plant transport water?

A

Xylem

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11
Q

Which tissue in a plant transport glucose?

A

Phloem

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12
Q

In which organ is glucose made?

A

Leaf

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13
Q

What is the name for the process that converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Which organ of a plant is designed to absorb water?

A

Root (root hair cells)

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15
Q

Which organ of a plant is designed to transport substances from the roots to the leaves and vice versa?

A

Stem

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16
Q

Name the process by which glucose is moved from a leaf to other parts of the cell

A

Translocation

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17
Q

What is the scientific name given to the evaporation of water from a leaf?

A

Transpiration

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18
Q

On which side of the leaf are there more stomata?

A

Underside/lower

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19
Q

What is covering the top layer of the leaf to reduce the loss of water?

A

Waxy cuticle

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20
Q

Which organ in a plant does the water enter through?

A

Root

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21
Q

Do guard cells become flaccid or turgid when it is sunny?

A

Turgid

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22
Q

Does the stomata stay open or close when it is night time?

A

Close

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23
Q

Describe the structure of xylem

A

Hollow tube strengthened with lignin

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24
Q

Describe the structure of phloem

A

Elongated cells with sieve plates and companion cell

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25
Q

How do you calculate surface of a cuboid?

A

Sum of all the 2D faces

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26
Q

State four factors that increases the rate of transpiration

A

High wind intensity
High light intensity
Arid (dry)
High temperature

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27
Q

Why dos high wind intensity increase transpiration?

A

Increases concentration gradient

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28
Q

Why does high light intensity increase transpiration?

A

Cause stomata to open

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29
Q

Why does arid conditions increases the rate of transpiration?

A

Increase concentration gradient

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30
Q

Why does high temperature increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Water particles have more kinetic energy

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31
Q

Which enzyme breaks down lipids, carbohydrates and protein?

A

Lipids = lipase
Carbohydrates = amylase
Proteins = protease

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32
Q

Which enzymes is produced by the salivary glands?

A

Amylase

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33
Q

What is the name of the leaf shaped organ that produces enzyme?

A

Pancreas

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34
Q

What is the name of the organ that produce bile?

A

Liver

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35
Q

What is the name of the organ that stores bile?

A

Gall blander

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36
Q

Is bile acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline

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37
Q

What is the name of the process that breaks down large globules of fat into smaller ones?

A

Emulsification

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38
Q

Write the word equation for the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Starch → glucose

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39
Q

Write the word equation for the digestion of protein

A

Proteins → amino acids

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40
Q

Write the word equation for the digestion of fats

A

Lipids → fatty acids + glycerol

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41
Q

Which part of the digestive system are nutrients and water absorbed into the blood from?

A

Nutrients = small intestine
Water = large intestine

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42
Q

What is the scientific name for the food pipe?

A

Oesophagus

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43
Q

What is the name of the process where food is pushed down the food pipe?

A

Peristalsis

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44
Q

What reagent is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

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45
Q

What is the positive result for starch?

A

Blue/black

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46
Q

What is the regent used to test for glucose?

A

Benedict’s

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47
Q

What is the positive result for glucose?

A

Green → orange → brick red

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48
Q

What is the positive result for lipids?

A

A white emulsion forms

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49
Q

Name the food group that cannot be digested in the body

50
Q

Name four enzymes

A

Amylase/carbohydrase/protease/lipase

51
Q

Why can each enzyme only break down one substrate?

A

Enzymes have a specific- shaped active site which will only fit one shape substrate

52
Q

Enzyme are a type of …

53
Q

Define an enzyme

A

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction

54
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Amino acids

55
Q

What are two things can enzymes do?

A

Break down molecules or join molecules together

56
Q

Enzymes RP - state the independent variable

A

pH or buffer solution

57
Q

Enzyme RP - state the dependent variable

A

Time taken for starch to break down into simple sugars (iodine solution to turn from brown to black)

58
Q

Enzyme RP - how is temperature controlled

A

Water bath

59
Q

Enzymes RP - what piece of equipment is used to place the test solution in?

A

Spotting tile

60
Q

Which type of vessel leaves the heart?

61
Q

What is the name of the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Top: left/right atrium
Bottom: left/right ventricle

62
Q

Which type of vessel enters the heart?

63
Q

Where is the body’s natural pacemaker (cells that control the bodies resting heart rate)?

A

Right atrium

64
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the body?

65
Q

What the is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the lung?

A

Pulmonary vein

66
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that goes to the lung from the heart?

A

Pulmonary artery

67
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the rest of your body?

68
Q

Which side of the heart is thicker?

69
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood out of the it and which side pumps deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated = left
Deoxygenated =right

70
Q

What is the name for removing a heart from one person and placing it into person?

A

Transplant

71
Q

What is the name of the drug that reduces that amount of cholesterol in a person’s body?

72
Q

Which organ does a statin effect?

73
Q

State 3 adaptions of a red blood

A

No nucleus
Biconcave shape
Small

74
Q

State 2 adaptations of a white blood cell

A

Cytoplasm contains enzymes, flexible cell membrane

75
Q

Which type of blood vessel has thin walls but a large lumen?

76
Q

Which type of the blood vessel has thick walls but a small lumen?

77
Q

Which type of blood vessel have valves?

78
Q

Which type of blood vessels has a pulse?

79
Q

Give one non-surgical intervention that reduce the changes of heart disease/ a heart attack

A

Exercise/diet

80
Q

What is the name of the specialised cell that is designed to fight pathogen ?

A

White blood cell

81
Q

What is the name of the specialised cell that is designed to carry oxygen?

A

Red blood cell

82
Q

What is the name of the specialised cell that helps to clot our blood?

83
Q

What is the name of the liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances?

84
Q

Give three substances that is carried in the plasma of blood

A

Carbon dioxide/urea/glucose

85
Q

What is the name of the substance that can block arteries?

A

Cholesterol

86
Q

What is the name of a disease that occurs when the blood vessels in the muscle of the heart get blocked?

A

Coronary heart disease

87
Q

What are the blood vessels that provide the heart with oxygen called?

A

coronary arteries

88
Q

What is the name of the piece of Wire mesh put inside a blood vessel to keep it open?

89
Q

State the equation to calculate blood flow rate calculations

A

Cardiac output (cm3/min) =heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (cm3)

90
Q

Define health

A

State of physical and mental well being

91
Q

What is the name for a disease that can be passed on from one person to another?

A

Communicable (or infectious)

92
Q

What is the name for a disease that can not be passed on from one person to another ?

A

Non-communicable

93
Q

State three factors other than disease that can have an impact on health?

A

Diet , stress, life events

94
Q

State one consequence of long term physical ill health

A

Depression

95
Q

What is the name given to a disease causing microorganism?

96
Q

Define ‘risk factors ’

A

Factors that are linked to an increased rate of disease

97
Q

State three risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

Diet
Smoking
Exercise

98
Q

State one risk factor for type 2 diabetes

99
Q

Name 2 organs effected by drinking alcohol

A

Brain
Liver

100
Q

Name 2 potential impacts of smoking

A

Lung disease
Lung cancer

101
Q

State a risk factor for cancer

A

Contact with carcinogens (including ionising radiation)

102
Q

State 2 lifestyles factors that can impact an unborn baby’s development

A

Smoking and drinking alcohol

103
Q

Why is a sample of people used when investigating risk factors for disease?

A

Too time consuming / impractical to sample whole population

104
Q

State 4 non-communicable disease

A

Anaemia
Cancer
Depression
Diabetes

105
Q

Define CHD/CVD

A

Disease of the heart or blood vessels

106
Q

What is the main cause of CVD?

A

Atherosclerosis (argues blocked by fatty deposits)

107
Q

State 4 lifestyle factors that can increase the chance of having CVD

A

Smoking
Poor diet
High blood pressure
Little exercise

108
Q

What is a stent?

A

A wire mess that Widens arteries so blood can pass through

109
Q

How does a stent help to treat CVD?

A

More oxygen can reach the heart muscle for aerobic respiration

110
Q

State 3 pros of a stent

A

Lowers risk of a heart attack
Effective long term treatment
Fast recovery time

111
Q

State 2 cons of a stent

A

Risk of complication in surgery
Risk of blood clots near stent

112
Q

What are the 2 categories of risk factors?

A

Lifestyle factors and substance in the body/environment

113
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division/ mitosis

114
Q

Describe benign tumours

A

Not cancerous tumours that stay in one space and do not invade surrounding tissue as they are encapsulated in a membrane

115
Q

Describe malignant tumours

A

Cancerous tumours that can invade surrounding tissue , break off , travel in the blood and cause secondary tumours

116
Q

Give 4 lifestyles factors that increase the chance of cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
Viral infections
UV exposure

117
Q

Why are there improved survival rates from cancer now than 50 years ago?

A

Better treatments
Earlier diagnosis
More screening
Better knowledge of risk factors

118
Q

Why are people in developed countries more likely to suffer from non-communicable disease?

A

Richer and so have access to higher fat/sugar/salt food which increase BP and the rate of fatty deposit formation

119
Q

Why are people in more affluent (richer) areas of a country less likely to develop non-communicable?

A

Less likely to smoke
More likely to exercise
Diet lower in sugar/fat/salt

120
Q

Give 4 human impacts costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Death
Lower quality of life
Shorter life
Impacted loved ones

121
Q

What is added to stomach that kills pathogen?

A

Hydrochloric acid

Science 3x (12 decks)

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