B2 - Cells

Question 1

All living organisms are made up of

Answer 1

cells

Question 2

What are the features that all animal and plant cells have in common

Answer 2

A cell membrane
Cytoplasm
A large nucleus
Mitochondria

Question 3

What features are in plant cells that animal cells do not have

Answer 3

a cell wall
a large central vacuole
Chloroplasts

Question 4

What is the function of the cell wall

Answer 4

To give structural support and hold the cell together.

Selectively permeable - controls what substances enter and leave the cell

Question 5

What is the role of ribosomes

Answer 5

to synthesis proteins

Question 6

What is the function of the DNA

Answer 6

it contains instructions for making the cell and for all of the cell’s functions

Question 7

Cytoplasm function

Answer 7

where the cells chemical reactions occur

Question 8

What is the plant cell wall made up of

Answer 8

cellulose

Question 9

What is the nucleus of a cell

Answer 9

it is the control center and contains chromosomes to control how a cell grows and works. It also controls cell division

Question 10

What is the function of the vacoule

Answer 10

the vacuole is used for storage of some materials and contains cell sap. It is also full of water

Question 11

Mitochondria is the

Answer 11

site of aerobic cellular respiration

Question 12

What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 12

it is a membrane bound structure involved with the synthesis of proteins. it is covered in ribosomes and forms near the nucleus

Question 13

What is a permanent vacuole

Answer 13

it is a fluid filled sac that stores water and can make up to as much as 90% of the cells volume

Question 14

What is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 14

to absorb sunlight using chlorophyll for the process of photosynthesis

Question 15

An animal cell contains

Answer 15

Mitochondria, ribosomes, RER, cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 16

What are specialized cells

Answer 16

cells that have special featured to allow them to carry out their job

Question 17

what are ciliated cells, their function and adaptations

Answer 17

Function: Ciliated epithelial cells line in the airways and their function is to waft mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed. They keep the lungs clean
The cells have hair liked structures called cilia
Adaptation: They have mitochondria to provide energy

Question 18

What are the functions and adaptations of the egg cell

Answer 18

Function: to be fertilized by the sperm cell to become a zygote
It contains half the genetic information needed to form a new zygote and is called a haploid nucleus
Adaptations and features: Has lots of cytoplasms for nutrition for the zygote to grow
The zona pellucida forms when an egg has been fertilized so no more sperm can get in

Question 19

What are the functions and adaptations of the sperm cell

Answer 19

Function: to fertilize the egg
Adaptations and features: The tail (flagellum) allows the sperm to travel to the egg
The head contains the nucleus which has half the genetic code for the organism
The acrosome has enzymes which help penetrate into the egg
The middle section provides mitochondria for the cell to help travel long distance

Question 20

What are the functions and adaptations of the red blood cell

Answer 20

Function: To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
Adaptations and features: They have a biconcave shape allowing for larger surface area and rapid diffusion of oxygen
Contain hemoglobin which carries the oxygen
Small size to fit through capillaries
No nucleus to maximize oxygen absorption

Question 21

What are the functions and adaptations of the root hair cell

Answer 21

Function: Absorption of minerals and materials
Adaptations and features: They have long projections to increase the surface area that the plant has to absorb water and minerals
No chloroplasts

Question 22

What are the functions and adaptations of the palisade mesophyll cell

Answer 22

Function: to carry out photosynthesis
Adaptations and features: Pact with chloroplasts
Shaped cylindrically to allow them to be tightly pact at the surface to get as much sunlight
Upper part of the leaf to gain sunlight

Question 23

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of

Answer 23

high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 24

In diffusion the particles move

Answer 24

randomly because they have kinetic energy

Question 25

Substances can move in and out of cells across cell membranes via

Answer 25

diffusion

Question 26

diffusion can allow

Answer 26

Substances to move in and out of cells across cell membranes

Question 27

What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion

Answer 27

Concentration gradient (the difference in concentration between two areas): The greater the concentration gradient the faster the diffusion Temperature: higher temperature means faster diffusion as more particles collide due to kinetic energy Distance: A longer distance means slower diffusion a shorter distance means faster diffusion Membrane surface area: The larger the membrane surface area a substance is diffusing through the faster the diffusion

Question 28

Osmosis is the

Answer 28

diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (high water potential) to a concentrated solution (low water potential).

Question 29

Investigating osmosis experiment

Answer 29

Osmosis in potatoes Steps: Cut a potato into discs and measure their mass Put discs in different concentrations of salt or sugars after 30 minutes measure the mass of each disc again If the mass of the disc has decreased it has lost water by osmosis If the disc has increased it has gained water by osmosis

Question 30

What is the process of a plant being plasmolysed

Answer 30

If a plant loses a large amount of its water due to osmosis the cell volume decreases so that the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. It causes cell damage

Question 31

What does it mean if a plant cell is turgid

Answer 31

Water comes into the plant cell via osmosis and is swollen.

Question 32

Why does an animal cell burst but not a plant cell from osmosis

Answer 32

Because plant cells have inelastic cell walls in which the swollen cell exerts turgor pressure onto the cell wall. Animal cells don't have cell walls and burst because the cell membrane can only handle enough pressure.

Question 33

when water moves out of the cell it becomes

Answer 33

droopy or flaccid

Question 34

When water moves into the cell the cell

Answer 34

exerts turgor pressure on the cell wall

Question 35

When you place an animal cell into a solution of low water potential it loses water by osmosis and becomes

Answer 35

crenated