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IGCSE Biology > B10 - Reproduction > Flashcards

B10 - Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual reproduction is the process of reproduction that forms genetically identical offspring from only

A

one parent

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2
Q

What is the process of reproduction that forms genetically identical offsprings from one parent

A

Asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What are the four key features in Asexual reproduction

A

Cells divide via mitosis
Offsprings are cloned
There is no gamete fusion
Only one parent is involved

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4
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction

A

Advantages: Only one parent is needed so no need for a second one
Large number of offsprings can be produced quickly
All offsprings are produced identically

Disadvantages: Lack of variation in offspring means that a change in condition will affect all organisms equally
They are not suited for other environments and are not diverse. Can be prone to diseases easier.

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5
Q

What is the process of sexual reproduction

A

when the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) fuse to form a zygote (fertilization), producing offspring that are genetically different to one another

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6
Q

what are the 4 key factors of sexual reproduction

A

Male and female gametes fuse
Offsprings are non-identical
Two parents are required for the process to occur
Cells divide via meiosis

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7
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages: Variation in off spring meaning a population is more likely to survive to environmental changes
Selective breeding can occur
Disadvantages: Requires a second parent
Mutations can be produced which will be harmful for a population

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8
Q

Zygote nuclei are

A

diploid meaning they contain two complete sets of chromosomes one from each parent

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9
Q

Gamete nuclei are

A

haploid meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes found in a normal cell

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10
Q

What is the male part of the flower called

A

the stamen

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11
Q

What is the female part of the flower called

A

the carpel

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12
Q

What makes up the stamen

A

the anther and filament

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13
Q

What makes up the carpel

A

the stigma, style, ovary and ovule

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14
Q

What does the sepal do

A

it protects the flower bud when it develops

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15
Q

Pollen grains develop inside the

A

anther

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16
Q

What is the function of the filament

A

to hold the anther

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17
Q

The stigma is part of the carpel where

A

the pollen lands during pollination

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18
Q

The style is the tube which

A

the pollen travels down

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19
Q

The ovary is responsible for

A

protecting the female gamete from the outside

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20
Q

Ovary contains one or more

A

ovules

21
Q

Each ovule contains an

A

egg sac

22
Q

What is the function of the petals

A

to attract insects for pollination

23
Q

What is the process in transferring pollen from the stigma to the carpel called

A

pollination

24
Q

What are the 2 ways in which pollination can happen

A

wind and insect pollination

25
Q

What is self pollination

A

the occurrence when pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma of the same flower. The offsprings produced are identical to the parent

26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of self pollination

A

Advantages: If plants cannot reproduce by cross pollination than they can self pollinate

Disadvantages: Lack of variation meaning less chance of survival in a change in condition or environment

27
Q

What is cross pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower

28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of cross pollination

A

Advantages: More genetic variation meaning higher change of survival if change of condition or environment

Disadvantages: There can be no pollinators and may take a long time

29
Q

What is the process of fertilisation

A

when a female and male gamete fuse

30
Q

What are some features of wind pollinated plants

A 
Small or even no petals
No scent 
Many anthers that hang out the plant
Stigmas are large and feathery
Pollen grains are smooth 
Pollen is lightweight
31
Q

What are some features of insect pollinated plants

A 
Large petals for insects to land on
Bright colored to attract insects
Scent to attract insects
Few small anthers inside the flower
Pollen grains are sticky and spiky
pollen is heavy
32
Q

What is germination

A

when a seed coat breaks open and the embryo starts to grow and develop in a new plant

33
Q

What are the conditions required for germination

A

temperature, moisture and oxygen

34
Q

What do the testes produce

A

male hormones (testosterone) and sperm

35
Q

The testes are protected by the

A

scrotum which regulates sperm temperature

36
Q

Sperm duct function

A

moves sperm from testes to urethra

37
Q

The prostate gland produces substances

A

that are added to the sperm to make semen

38
Q

Eggs are stored in the

A

ovaries and travel down the oviducts to the uterus

39
Q

what is the cervix

A

the opening at the bottom of the uterus leading to the vagina

40
Q

vagina is where

A

sperm is deposited

41
Q

Fertilization takes place in

A

oviducts

42
Q

After fertilization the egg travels toward the

A

uterus and takes 3 days

43
Q

what is the development of the embryo after 3 months

A

a fetus

44
Q

the fetus develops inside a bag of

A

amniotic fluid that protects the fetus

45
Q

AIDS is a disease of the immune system caused by the virus

A

HIV

46
Q

To prevent the transmission of HIV we use

A

contraceptives like condoms

47
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle

A

1 - 4 days: The uterus lining breaks down resulting in a period
4 - 14 days: The uterus lining starts to build up again into a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels.
14 days: Ovulation happens. This is when an egg is released from one of the ovaries.
15 - 28 days: The uterus lining is maintained ready for a fertilized egg. If no fertilized egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again.

48
Q

What are the stages of pregnancy

A

Zygote forms and starts to divide to form a ball of cells
Once the ball forms its called an embryo and implants itself to the wall of the uterus
Placenta forms between the embryo and the wall of the uterus
Umbilical cord provides nutrients to the baby
Foetus is called after 6 weeks of fertilization

IGCSE Biology (15 decks)

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