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Biology > B13.1 & 13.2 - Coordination and Response > Flashcards

B13.1 & 13.2 - Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system made up of? [3]

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? [1]

A
  • nerves that branch out of the spinal cord and brain
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3
Q

What is the role of the nervous system? [2]

A
  • coordination and regulation of body
  • gets feedback about the world
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4
Q

Which bone is the brain protected by? [1]

A

the skull

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5
Q

How do muscles respond? [1]

A

by contracting

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5
Q

What are the three main stages of the nervous system? [3]

A
  • stimulus
  • sensory receptors
  • effectors
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5
Q

Which bone is the spinal cord protected by? [1]

A

vertebral column (backbone)

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6
Q

What is the stimulus? [1]

A

a change in the environment

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7
Q

What are the sensory receptors? [2]

A
  • group of cells
  • detect the stimulus
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8
Q

What is an effector? [2]

A
  • carries out a response
  • muscles or glands
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9
Q

Where are receptor cells found? [1]

A

sense organs

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9
Q

How do glands respond? [1]

A

by secreting a substance

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10
Q

What is the receptor in the eye and what is the stimulus? [2]

A
  • photoreceptors (light receptors)
  • light
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11
Q

What is the receptor in the tongue and what is the stimulus? [2]

A
  • chemoreceptors (taste receptors)
  • chemicals in food
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11
Q

What is the receptor in the skin and what is the stimulus? [4]

A
  • temperature receptors
  • pressure receptors
  • heat
  • pressure
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12
Q

What is the receptor in the nose and what is the stimulus? [2]

A
  • smell receptors
  • chemicals in the air
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13
Q

What does the receptor cells do with the stimulus? [1]

A

change into an electrical impulse

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14
Q

How long does the whole process of a voluntary response take? [1]

A

0.7 seconds

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15
Q

Describe the steps involved in a voluntary response in a nervous reaction. [9]

A
  • stimulus
  • receptor cells
  • sensory neurone
  • spinal cord
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • motor neurone
  • effector
  • response
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16
Q

What is a conscious response? [2]

A
  • if information from the sensory neurone goes to the brain
  • you deciding what to do
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16
Q

What does a reflex action do? [3]

A
  • occur without thinking
  • automatic and protective
  • go past the brain for extra speed
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17
Q

What is a reflex action? [3]

A

a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

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18
Q

How long does the whole process of a reflex action take? [1]

A

0.2 seconds

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19
Q

Examples of when reflex actions occur. [4]

A
  • breathing
  • heart rate
  • digestion
  • when in danger
20
Q

Describe the pathway taken for a reflex action or an involuntary response. [7]

A
  • stimulus
  • receptor
  • sensory neurone
  • spinal cord
  • motor neurones
  • effector
  • response
21
Q

What do electrical impulses travel along? [1]

A

neurones

22
Q

3 examples of neurones. [3]

A
  • sensory neurones
  • relay neurones
  • motor neurones
23
Q

What is a hormone? [4]

A

a chemical substance which is produced in endocrine glands and carried in the plasma which travels in the blood stream to specific cells found in target organs

24
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce? [1]

A

adrenaline

25
Q

What do the ovaries produce? [1]

A

oestrogen

26
Q

What does the pancreas produce? [1]

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
27
Q

What do testes produce? [1]

A

testosterone

28
Q

How long is a hormone carried around the body for? [2]

A
  • until it finds a target cell
  • should have receptors which are specific to that hormone on the cell membrane
29
Q

What does a hormone do after it finds a receptor in the target cells? [2]

A
  • binds to these receptors
  • causes a response within the cell
30
Q

What is the speed of communication in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]

A
  • N: very fast
  • H: slower
31
Q

What is the method of transport in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]

A
  • N: electrical impulse
  • H: in the blood
32
Q

What is the duration of response in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]

A
  • N: short acting
  • H: longer acting
33
Q

What is the area targeted in NERVES vs. HORMONES? [2]

A
  • N: very precise area
  • H: larger area
34
Q

What is adrenaline? [2]

A

the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations

35
Q

How is adrenaline released? [5]

A
  • brain detects stressful, dangerous or exciting situation
  • brain sends nerve impulse to adrenal glands
  • secretes adrenaline into the blood
  • adrenaline travels to target organs
  • gets body ready for action
36
Q

What does adrenaline cause after being released? [4]

A
  • increased rate of respiration
  • increased rate of breathing
  • increased heart rate
  • diverting of blood
37
Q

Why is there an increased rate of respiration? [1]

A

to release more energy

38
Q

Why is there an increased rate of breathing? [1]

A

to cope with extra demand for oxygen due to increased respiration

39
Q

Why is there an increased heart rate? [2]

A

delivers oxygen to cells more quickly for increased respiration

40
Q

Why is there a diverting of blood away from certain areas? [1]

A

to go to the muscles from the skin or digestive system

41
Q

Where does blood get diverted from? [2]

A
  • digestive system
  • skin
42
Q

What does adrenaline also cause? [4]

A
  • pupils widen
  • heightens sensitivity
  • makes a person more alert
  • causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release glucose
43
Q

What are the main target organs for adrenaline? [4]

A
  • heart
  • lungs
  • eyes
  • liver
44
Q

How does increasing the breathing and pulse rate increase metabolic activity? [4]

A
  • adrenaline causes heart muscle to contract more and with more force, leading to increased heart and pulse rates
  • blood flow to muscles increases and cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration
  • adrenaline causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release glucose
  • blood glucose concentrations increase because of this so there’s more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells
45
Q

Why do we look pale when frightened? [2]

A
  • blood in skin is diverted to muscles
  • blood going away from skin to muscles
46
Q

What is a cell body? [2]

A
  • where the nucleus is
  • controls the neurone
47
Q

What is a dendrite? [2]

A
  • receives the impulse
  • branched to connect with many neurones
48
Q

What is an axon? [2]

A
  • transmits the impulse away from the cell body
  • long so that impulses can travel fast
49
Q

What is a dendron? [1]

A

transmits the impulse towards the cell body

50
Q

What are the nerve endings? [1]

A
  • forms junctions with other cells
51
Q

What is a myelin sheath? [2]

A
  • insulates the axon to stop electrical impulses leaking away
  • speeds up transmission of nerve impulse
52
Q

What is a sensory neurone? [2]

A
  • carries electrical impulses from receptor cells to CNS
53
Q

What is a relay neurone? [2]

A
  • carries electrical impulses from a sensory neurone to motor neurone
54
Q

What is a motor neurone? [2]

A
  • carries electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

Biology (18 decks)

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