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Embryology > Axial Skeleton Development > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Development Flashcards

1
Q

somitomeres arise from where

A

paraxial mesoderm

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2
Q

what day do the somitomeres arise ?

A

day 18 approx

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3
Q

What day to the somites begin to form ?

A

day 20

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4
Q

somites differentiate into what ?

A

sclerotome and dermomyotome

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5
Q

how many occpipital, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal somtes are there respectivelty

A

4,8,12,5,5,8-10

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6
Q

the ____________occipital somite and the cranial portion of the ________ cervical sclerotome help form the base of the occpital bone

A

fourth, first

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7
Q

how is the atlas formed ?

A

caudal half of the first cervical scleroome and the cranial half of the second cervical sclerotome

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8
Q

how is the first thoracic vertebrae formed ?

A

caudal half of the 8th cervical and the cranial half of the first thoracic sclerotome

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9
Q

the ribs form from

A

paraxial mesoderm

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10
Q

sterum forms from

A

somatic mesoderm

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11
Q

where do the intervertebral disks arise from ?>

A

a thin layer of mesenchymal cells between the cranial and caudal portions of the original sclerotome

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12
Q

notochord gives rise to what part of the interertebral disks

A

nucleus pulposis

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13
Q

annulus fibrosis develops from what /

A

sclerotome

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14
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal curvature because of improper fusion or formation of the vertebral column

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15
Q

pescavatum

A

sucken in chest, deformity in sternal bone

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16
Q

hemivertebrae

A

abnormal fusion resulting from misformed vertebrae

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17
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

incomplete neural disk usually asymptomatic and accomapnied by a patch of hair over the lesion

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18
Q

Klippel Feil syndrome

A

short neck from reduced number of cervical vetebrae

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19
Q

chordoma

A

remnants of notochord may give rise to malignant tumors that invade bone they develop at the base of the skull in the lumbar region

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20
Q

vast majority of skeletal muscles are derived from what

A

paraxial mesoderm

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21
Q

muscles of the head arise from

A

somitomeres

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22
Q

muscles of the tonque, torso and limbs arise from

A

somites

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23
Q

extrinsic muscles of eye develop from

A

pre-optic somites

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24
Q

dorsal part of the myotome is formed by _____________ which migrate farther to form _____________ muscles

A

primaxial muscle cells, epaxial (instrinisc)

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25
Q

lateral part of myotome is formed by _____________ muscle cell precursors and gives rise to ____ muscles

A

abaxial, hypaxial

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26
Q

muscle dystrophies

A

conditions that result in weakness and muscle atrophy

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27
Q

accessory muscles

A

rectus sternalis

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28
Q

polan anomaly

A

congentical absence of pectoralis major

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29
Q

congenital torticollis

A

contracture or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid

30
Q

slcerotome

A

gives rise to mesenchymal clles

31
Q

mesemchyme develops into what three types of cells

A

fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts

32
Q

what gives rise to the sternum, shoulder and pelvic girdles

A

somatic layer of lateral place

33
Q

what helps form many bones of the skull

A

neural crest cells

34
Q

head somitomeres will form what parts othe the skull

A

cranial vault and the base of the skull

35
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

occurs in mesencyme
forms a membranous sheat
mesenchyme condenses and becomes highly vascular
osteoblasts lay donw matrix
calcium is deposited
FLAT BONES of skull and most of the clavicle

36
Q

endochondral osssification

A

from hyaline cartilage
occurs in preexisting cartilagenous model (starts by week 5)
occurs in the diaphysis (shaft)
cartilage cells hypertrophy, matrix becomes calcified and cells die
thin laye of bone is deposited under the perichondrium and becomes periosteum
invading cells differentiate into hemopoietic cells
LIMB bones

37
Q

pathfinding

A

active movement of an axon toward a target

38
Q

tropic substance

A

laminin related proteins

39
Q

chemoaffinity hypothesis

A

axons can have differing affinities for molecules

40
Q

pioneer axons

A

first axons to develop seem to play a role; there is a single axon that grows using the above methods to find a target and other axons follow

41
Q

What are the ways an axon can find its target

A

tropic substnace
contact guidance theory
chemoaffinity hypothesis

42
Q

growth cones

A

these are specializtion at the ends of an axon that are used to survey the environment

43
Q

ventricular zone

A

layer of cells directly surrounding the ventricle

44
Q

What are the three layers of the neural tube

A

ependymal layer-surrounds the central canal
mantle layer-middle layer contains cell bodies and astrocytes
marginal layer- contains nerve fibers and oligodendrocytes

45
Q

sulcus limitans

A

separates the neural tube into dorsal and ventral areas

46
Q

the mantle layer of the neural tube develops into two regions what are they

A

basal plate-motor cell bodies

alar plate- sensory relay cells

47
Q

neural crest cells that remain close to the neural tube give rise to

A

ganglia (dorsal root and sensory ganglia for cranial nerves)

48
Q

What three ways do the neural crest cells leave the neural tube ?

A

head and pharyngeal arches
autonomic ganglia in the torso
malanocytes

49
Q

the last cells to leave the neural tube give rise too what cell type

A

melanocytes

50
Q

What is the sequence of formation for spinal nerve

A

GSE
GVE
and then finally sensory GSA, and GVA

51
Q

when does the process of myelination occur

A

late fetal period approx 20 weeks (motor before sensory)

52
Q

when do the frontal lob tracts myelinate

A

2nd decade of life

53
Q

myelination is largely complete by when

A

8 years of age

54
Q

dermatome

A

area of the skin that is innervatedby a spinal cord segment, segmental and overlapping

55
Q

myostome

A

innervation of skeletal muscle based on the relationship of the spinal nerve and somite

56
Q

sympathetic innervation to head

A

t1-t4

57
Q

sympathetic innervation to heart

A

t1-t4/5

58
Q

sympathetic innervation to organs in the abdomen and pelvis

A

t5-t12

59
Q

parasympathetics

A

vagus and S2,3 and 4

60
Q

pia and arachnoid mater arise from

A

neural crest

61
Q

dura mater arises from

A

ectoderm

62
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

involves vertebral arch, patch of hair

63
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

involves a cyst like sac containing CSF

64
Q

spina bifida with meningocele

A

onyl meninges

65
Q

spina bifida with meningomyelocele

A

involves some neural tissue (roootlets) meninges and CSF

66
Q

spina bifida with myeloschisis

A

neural folds fail to fuse posteriorly
spinal cord is open to exterior
SERIOUS

67
Q

spinal dural sinus

A

indicated by a dimple through the lumbar region, indicates the region of closure of the caudal nueropore; can be connected through a fibrous cord to dura mater

68
Q

tethered cord syndrome

A

defect in secondary neurulation; conus medullaris and filum terminale are abnormally fixed to the vertebral column; associated with lower limb and bladder control problems

69
Q

hirschprungs disease

A

1-5,000
delay in passage of meconium
results in constipation, vomiting, abdominal distension and rupture of cecum
characteristic feature revealed by barium enema
results from mutation in RET protooncogene
neural crest fail to reach the hind gut

70
Q

neurofibromatosis (type 1)

A

1 in 4000
congenital disorder that affects ALL derivatives of neural crest cells and results in nerve sheath tumors and cafe aulait spots (pigmented spots in the skin)

Embryology (19 decks)

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