Autophagy

Question 1

cytological EM

Answer 1

vesicles containing cytoplasm adjacent to vacuole

Question 2

cytological light microscopy

Answer 2

autophagic-cytoplasm containing bodies on vacuole

Question 3

TOR

Answer 3

• Ser/Thr kinase
• master regulator
• suppresses autophagy and regulates 26SP
• ATG13 phosphorylation
• no ATG1 kinase assembly

Question 4

Cytology

Answer 4

• ATG8 and 12 UBLs are PAS
• TOR inactivation: activated ATG1 kinase phosphorylates ATG4, ATG9
• small ATG9 vesicles localise to PIS
• ATG9 lipidates ATG8
• isolation membrane forms at or near ER
• thins (direct transfer of lipids via small vesicles by ATG8-PE), expands, curves (stabilised by actin sandwich, ATG8-PE binds ATG12-5-16), becomes spherical (requires COPII-ATG2 recruitment)
• pore closes (ATG9, ESCRT-mediated fission)
• autophagosome
• lysosome/vacuole translocation
• outer membrane fusion (v and t snares)
• hydrolase degradation and recycling

Question 5

IM

Answer 5

• phagophore
• small, flattened

Question 6

autophagosome

Answer 6

double-membrane bound

Question 7

ATG1 kinase

Answer 7

multiple complices assembles to form an autophagosomal assembly platform

Question 8

ATG9

Answer 8

• phosphorylated by ATG1 kinase
• multi-spanning membrane protein

Question 9

ATG4 protease

Answer 9

catalyses ATG8-PE delipidation

Question 10

In vitro liposomes

Answer 10

tethering, hemifusion and fusion

Question 11

microautophagy

Answer 11

direct invagination

Question 12

chaperone-mediated

Answer 12

Hsc70

Question 13

selective autophagy

Answer 13

• autophagy receptors bypass TOR

Question 14

ATG8-interacting-motif (AIM)

Answer 14

• short, 4 residue core sequences in hydrophobic patch
• ## phosphorylation activation

Question 15

Ub in selective autophagy

Answer 15

• labels cargo and bind to ATG8

Question 16

Mitophagy

Answer 16

• E3 = Parkin
• PINK1

Question 17

No parkinsons

Answer 17

• PINK goes through TOM translocon into mitochondria for degradation
• auto-inhibited Parkin

Question 18

Feedforward in PARKIN

Answer 18

PINK1 phosphorylation creates more Parkin binding sites on MOM

Question 19

Chlorophagy

Answer 19

• dark treatment, leaf senescence, photo damage

Question 20

chloroplast recycling

Answer 20

rubisco containing bodies

Question 21

neurodegeneration

Answer 21

insoluble aggregate neutralisation declines w age

Question 22

amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein and huntingtin

Answer 22

affect 26SP and autophagy